HEALTHY PLANET – Source References

Prelims

 

1. UN News 2020. COVID-19 pandemic, an ‘unprecedented wake-up call’ for all inhabitants of Mother Earth. 22 April 2020. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062322
2. United Nations 2020. UN International Mother Earth Day 22 April Message. https://www.un.org/en/observances/earth-day/message
3. UN Environment 2019. Global Environment Outlook—GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People. Cambridge University Press.
4. Jack D Forbes 2008 [1992, 1979]. Columbus and Other Cannibals. New York: Seven Stories Press. 181-2.
5. Hippocrates. On Airs, Waters, and Places.

 

Part I: Living Earth

 

1. Alfred Russell Wallace 1876. The Geographical Distribution of Animals, vol. 2. 553.

 

Chapter 1: Foundations

 

1. Eileen Crist and H Bruce Rinker 2010. One Grand Organic Whole. In Eileen Crist and H Bruce Rinker, eds., Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis. Cambridge MA/London: MIT Press. 3–20.
2. ibid.
3. James Lovelock 2000a. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford University Press. 19-20, 30.
4. Dyna Rochmyaningsih (2012) Include trees in climate modelling, say scientists: Climate models should include the effects of trees on the local climate, say agroforestry experts. The Guardian Environment Network, 16 January 2012. https://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jan/16/climate-change-forests?newsfeed=true
5. Tim Flannery 2012. Here on Earth: A Twin Biography of the Planet and the Human Race. London: Penguin. 46.
6. James Lovelock 2000c, 111, referring to DW Schwartzman and T Volk (1989), Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth, Nature, 340, 457-460.
7. Tim Flannery 2012, op. cit. 45.
8. AM Makarieva and VG Gorshkov 2006. Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture as driver of the hydrological cycle on land. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 3, 2621-2673. https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1013/2007/hess-11-1013-2007.html
See also: Peter Bunyard 2010. The Real Importance of the Amazon Rain Forest. ISIS Report, 15/03/2010. https://www.i-sis.org.uk/importanceOfTheAmazonRainForest.php
9. Elisabet Sahtouris 1996. The Gaia controversy: a case for the Earth as an evolving organism. 324-338, in Bunyard, ed., 1996. Gaia in Action: Science of the Living Earth. Edinburgh: Floris. 331.
10. Stephan Harding, Lynn Margulis 1996. Water Gaia: 3.5 thousand million years of wetness on planet Earth. In Eileen Crist and H Bruce Rinker, eds., 2010. op. cit. 41-60.
11. All quotes in Elisabet Sahtouris 1996. The Gaia controversy: a case for the Earth as an evolving organism. 324-338, in Peter Bunyard, ed., 1996. Gaia in Action: Science of the Living Earth. Edinburgh: Floris. 332.
12. Gregory J Hinkle 1996. Marine salinity: Gaian phenomenon? In Bunyard 1996. op. cit. 99–104.
13. ibid.
14. Tim Flannery 2012, op. cit. 46.

 

Chapter 2: Origins

 

1. Stephan Harding 2009. Animate Earth: Science, Intuition and Gaia. 2nd ed., Cambridge (UK): Greenbooks. 109.
2. e.g. Archaeoglobus fulgidus; compare Wikipedia: Sulfate-reducing bacteria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteria
3. Still today, cyanobacteria “contribute significantly to global ecology and the oxygen cycle” (Wikipedia: Cyanobacteria). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria
4. James Lovelock 2000b, op. cit. 110; James Lovelock 2000c, op. cit. 79-81.
5. Tim Flannery 2012. op. cit. 48-9.
6. Wikipedia: Late Paleozoic icehouse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse
7. Stephan Harding 2009, 210.

 

Chapter 3: The elements and cycles

 

1. Stephan Harding 2009. Animate Earth: Science, Intuition and Gaia. 2nd ed., Cambridge (UK): Greenbooks. 96.
2. Stephan Harding 2009. op. cit. 99.
3. James Lovelock 2000c, op. cit. 115.
4. Jobin Jacob and K Suthindhiran 2016. Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes – Scope and challenges. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 68. 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.049.
5. Joseph L Kirschvink, Atsuko Kobayashi-Kirschvink, Barbara J Woodford 1992. Magnetite Biomineralization in the Human Brain. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 89, Issue 16, pp. 7683-7687, 08/1992. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502184
6. James Lovelock 2000b, op. cit. 73, 121.
7. AM Makarieva and VG Gorshkov 2006, op. cit.
8. James Lovelock 2000c, op. cit. 119.
9. Stephan Harding 2009, op. cit. 178.
10. S Dyhrman, J Ammerman, B Van Mooy 2007. Microbes and the marine phosphorus cycle. Oceanography 20:110–116. https://tos.org/oceanography/article/microbes-and-the-marine-phosphorus-cycle
11. James Lovelock 2000b, op. cit. 133-41; James Lovelock 2000c, op. cit. 122-5.
Compare Wikipedia: Dimethyl sulfide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide
Also Wikipedia: CLAW hypothesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis
12. Stephan Harding 2009. Animate Earth: Science, Intuition and Gaia. 2nd ed., Cambridge (UK): Greenbooks. 114-119, 140-144.
See also: Wikipedia: Coccolithophore. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithophore
And: Wikipedia: Emiliania huxleyi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi

 

Chapter 4: Communities and Networks


1. Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva & Judit Dobránszki 2016. Magnetic fields: how is plant growth and development impacted? Protoplasma volume 253, 231-248 (2016). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00709-015-0820-7
2. Valeriy Zaporozhan, Andriy Ponomarenko 2010. Mechanisms of Geomagnetic Field Influence on Gene Expression Using Influenza as a Model System: Basics of Physical Epidemiology. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 March; 7(3): 938-965. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872305/
3. Joseph L. Kirschvink, James L. Gould 1981. Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals. Biosystems volume 13, issue 3, 1981, 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(81)90060-5
4. Chao-Hung Liang, Cheng-Long Chuang, et al. 2016. Magnetic Sensing through the Abdomen of the Honey bee. Scientific Reports volume 6, 23657. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep23657
5. V. Lambinet, ME Hayden, et al. 2017. Linking magnetite in the abdomen of honey bees to a magnetoreceptive function. Proc. R. Soc. B284: 20162873. https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2873
6. Ietse Stokroos, et al. 2001. Keystone-like crystals in cells of hornet combs. Nature volume 411, 654. https://www.nature.com/articles/35079679
7. Christine Maira Hein, Svenja Engels, et al. 2011. Robins have a magnetic compass in both eyes. Nature volume 471, E1. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09875
8. J. Roger Brothers, Kenneth J. Lohmann 2018. Evidence that Magnetic Navigation and Geomagnetic Imprinting Shape Spatial Genetic Variation in Sea Turtles. Current Biology volume 28, issue 8, 1325-1329. April 23. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30351-8
9. Yinon M. Bar-On, Rob Phillips, Ron Milo 2018. The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS, June 19, 2018, 115 (25) 6506-6511. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506
10. Angelicque E. White 2009. New insights into bacterial acquisition of phosphorus in the surface ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2009 December 15; 106(50): 21013-21014. https://www.pnas.org/content/106/50/21013/tab-figures-data
11. Stephan Harding 2009. Animate Earth: Science, Intuition and Gaia, 2nd ed. Cambridge (UK): Green Books. 163.
12. Arthur Prindle, Jintao Liu, et al. 2015. Ion channels enable electrical communication in bacterial communities. Nature volume 527, 59-63. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15709
13. A. Widom, J. Swain, et al. 2012. Electromagnetic Signals from Bacterial DNA. Cornell University. https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.3113
14. Stephan Harding 2009. Animate Earth: Science, Intuition and Gaia, 2nd ed. Cambridge (UK): Green Books. 165.
15. Stephan Harding 2009, op. cit. 166.
16. Harding 1996, op. cit. 193.
17. ibid.
18. “Slime Mold Physarum Finds the Shortest Path in a Maze”. Excerpt of the award-winning German docu Als wären sie nicht von dieser Welt – Der unmögliche Lebenswandel der Schleimpilze (2002) on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czk4xgdhdY4
19. Slime Mould outperforming Humans. Excerpt of the BBC docu (2011) on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w29Ip3eZ6A4
20. Alan Rayner, in Harding 2009, op. cit. 195.
Also: Paul Stamets 2005. Mycelium Running: How mushrooms can help save the world. New York: Random House, 1-7.
21. Harding 1996, op. cit. 205f.
22. André Scheffel, Manuela Gruska, et al. 2006. An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria. Nature volume 440, 110-114. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04382

 

Chapter 5: Feedback Systems


1. ME Marsh 2003. Regulation of CaCO3 formation in coccolithophores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 136 (4): 743-754. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096495903001805?via%3Dihub
2. L. Beaufort, et al. 2011. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476 (7358): 80-3. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10295#ref8
3. Aldo Leopold 1949. A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press.
4. GrrlScientist 2014. How Wolves Change Rivers – video. theguardian.com, 3 March.
Recommended: “How Wolves Change Rivers – video” (4:33). YouTube. https://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2014/mar/03/how-wolves-change-rivers
Note that the narrator in this video refers to the prey animals as deer, which is correct insofar wapiti (Cervus canadensis) belongs to the deer family (Cervidae), but confusing because North Americans call it “elk”. Which in turn would be confusing to British English speakers because the animal they call elk (Alces alces) is called moose in America.
5. Holger Dambeck 2018. Wie viele Wölfe verträgt das Land? spiegel.de, 01.06. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/woelfe-in-deutschland-wie-viele-rudel-vertraegt-das-land-a-1209993.html
6. Karl A. Mayer, M. Tim Tinker, et al. 2019. Surrogate rearing a keystone species to enhance population and ecosystem restoration. Cambridge University Press, Fauna & Flora International. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605319000346
7. Isabelle Groc 2020. Furry engineers: sea otters in California’s estuaries surprise scientists. theguardian.com, 14 August. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/14/natures-furry-engineers-sea-otters-in-california-estuaries-surprise-scientists-aoe

 

Chapter 6: Diversity, Complexity, and Abundance

 

1. Eileen Crist 2010. Intimations of Gaia. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker, eds., 2010. Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis. Cambridge MA/London: MIT Press. 315.
2. James Lovelock 2004. Reflections on Gaia. In S. Schneider, J. Miller, E. Crist, and P. Boston, eds., Scientists Debate Gaia: The Next Century. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press. 1-5.
3. Eileen Crist 2010, op. cit. 315.
4. Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker 2010. One Grand Organic Whole. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker, eds., 2010, op. cit. 3-20.
5. James Lovelock 2000b, op. cit. 23.
6. Eileen Crist 2010. Intimations of Gaia. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker, eds., 2010, op. cit. 328f.

 

Part II: Global Disruption

 

1. António Guterres 2020. A Time to Save the Sick and Rescue the Planet. nytimes.com, April 28. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/opinion/coronavirus-climate-antonio-guterres.html
2. Naomi Klein 2020. How big tech plans to profit from the pandemic. theguardian.com, 13 May. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/may/13/naomi-klein-how-big-tech-plans-to-profit-from-coronavirus-pandemic
3. William E. Rees 2020. Ecological economics for humanity’s plague phase. Ecological Economics volume 169, March 2020, 106519. https://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EE-Rees-2020.pdf
4. Kate Raworth 2017. Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist. Random House Business.
Watch her Ted Talk on YouTube (17 min): Why it’s time for ‘Doughnut Economics’ | Kate Raworth | TEDxAthens. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BHOflzxPjI
Or a short animated introduction here: 1. Change the Goal – 1/7 Doughnut Economics. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkg2XMTWV4g
A more scientific approach: University of Leeds: A Good Life For All Within Planetary Boundaries. https://goodlife.leeds.ac.uk/about
5. Quoted in George Monbiot 2017. Finally, a breakthrough alternative to growth economics – the doughnut. theguardian.com, 12 April. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/12/doughnut-growth-economics-book-economic-model
6. Nicola Davison 2019. The Anthropocene epoch: have we entered a new phase of planetary history? theguardian.com, 30 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/30/anthropocene-epoch-have-we-entered-a-new-phase-of-planetary-history
7. Higgins, P., Short, D., & South, N. Protecting the planet: a proposal for a law of ecocide. Crime Law Soc Change (2013) Vol 59, 257.
8. Boris Worm, et al. 2013. Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks. Marine Policy 40(1):194-204, July 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.034.
9. Wikipedia: Ecocide.

 

Chapter 7: The Sixth Mass Extinction


1. IPBES Global Assessment Report 2019. B4, 4. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8l2v0u4jqptp3/AACpraYjOYWpTxAFv5H-2vrKa/1%20Global%20Assessment%20Summary%20for%20Policymakers?dl=0&preview=Summary+for+Policymakers+IPBES+Global+Assessment.pdf&subfolder_nav_tracking=1
2. Jonathan Watts 2018. Destruction of nature as dangerous as climate change, scientists warn. theguardian.com, 23 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/23/destruction-of-nature-as-dangerous-as-climate-change-scientists-warn
Also: Jonathan Watts 2018. Habitat loss threatens all our futures, world leaders warned. theguardian.com, 17 November. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/17/habitat-loss-biodiversity-wildlife-climate-change
3. Damian Carrington 2018. What is biodiversity and why does it matter to us? theguardian.com, 12 March. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/12/what-is-biodiversity-and-why-does-it-matter-to-us
4. Subhankar Banerjee 2018. Biological Annihilation: a Planet in Loss Mode. CounterPunch, December 13. https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/12/13/biological-annihilation-a-planet-in-loss-mode/?fbclid=IwAR3_1AyTlU-2xR-JgU6a-uPNYTj5gVxIOCcBacKcaa3ca-kazi1yuTeWVkw
5. Jonathan Watts 2018. Global warming should be called global heating, says key scientist. theguardian.com, 13 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/13/global-heating-more-accurate-to-describe-risks-to-planet-says-key-scientist
6. Eileen Crist 2010. Intimations of Gaia. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker, eds. Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis. Cambridge MA/London: MIT Press. 315-333.
See also: Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle and Todd M. Palmer 2015. Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Science Advances, 19 June, Vol. 1, no. 5, e1400253. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400253
7. Crist 2010, op. cit.
8. Wade Davis 2018. On Ecological Amnesia. The Tyee, 8 November. https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2018/11/08/On-Ecological-Amnesia/
9. Eileen Crist 2010. Intimations of Gaia. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker, eds., 2010, op. cit. 315-333.
10. WWF Living Planet Report 2018. https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/1187/files/original/LPR2018_Full_Report_Spreads.pdf
11. Daniel G. Boyce, Marlon R. Lewis, Boris Worm 2010. Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature 466 (7306): 591-6. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..591B. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20671703/
12. World Fish Migration Foundation 2020. The Living Planet Index (LPI) for migratory freshwater fish. https://worldfishmigrationfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LPI_report_2020.pdf
13. WWF 2020. WWF Living Planet Report 2020: Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Gland, Switzerland. https://www.wwf.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-09/LPR20_Full_report.pdf
14. MJ Samways 2019. Addressing global insect meltdown. The Ecological Citizen 3 (Suppl A): 23-6. https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/issue.php?i=Vol+3+Suppl+A
15. WWF 2018. Living Planet Report 2018, op. cit.
16. IPBES Global Assessment Report 2019. A3, 2-3. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8l2v0u4jqptp3/AACpraYjOYWpTxAFv5H-2vrKa/1%20Global%20Assessment%20Summary%20for%20Policymakers?dl=0&preview=Summary+for+Policymakers+IPBES+Global+Assessment.pdf&subfolder_nav_tracking=1
17. Prof. Dave Goulson quoted in: Damian Carrington 2018. What is biodiversity and why does it matter to us? theguardian.com, 12 March. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/12/what-is-biodiversity-and-why-does-it-matter-to-us
18. Agence France-Presse 2018. Giant African baobab trees die suddenly after thousands of years. theguardian.com, 11 June. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/11/giant-african-baobab-trees-die-suddenly-after-thousands-of-years
19. Chronic oak dieback: https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/pest-and-disease-resources/chronic-oak-dieback/
Acute oak decline: https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/pest-and-disease-resources/acute-oak-decline/
20. Michigan State University 2013. Managing Dothistroma and brown needle blight on pines. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/managing_dothistroma_and_brown_needle_blight_on_pines
21. Tom Horton 2011. Revival of the American Chestnut. americanforests.org, December 1st. https://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/revival-of-the-american-chestnut/
22. Subhankar Banerjee 2018. Biological Annihilation: a Planet in Loss Mode. CounterPunch, December 13. Referring to the Forest Ecology and Management report 2010. https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/12/13/biological-annihilation-a-planet-in-loss-mode/?fbclid=IwAR3_1AyTlU-2xR-JgU6a-uPNYTj5gVxIOCcBacKcaa3ca-kazi1yuTeWVkw
Referring to the Forest Ecology and Management Report 2010. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811270900615X?via%3Dihub
23. Patrick Greenfield 2020. UN draft plan sets 2030 target to avert Earth’s sixth mass extinction. theguardian.com, 13 January. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/13/un-draft-plan-sets-2030-target-to-avert-earths-sixth-mass-extinction-aoe
24. EO Wilson (interview) 2010. Edward O. Wilson: The loss of biodiversity is a tragedy. Media Services, 09.02.2010. https://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/edward_o_wilson_the_loss_of_biodiversity_is_a_tragedy/
25. WWF 2018. Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming higher. https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_report_2018
26. Daniel G. Boyce, et al. 2014. Estimating global chlorophyll changes over the past century. Progress in Oceanography 122: 163-73. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661114000135?via%3Dihub
27. Damian Carrington 2017. Warning of ‘ecological Armageddon’ after dramatic plunge in insect numbers. theguardian.com, 18 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/18/warning-of-ecological-armageddon-after-dramatic-plunge-in-insect-numbers
28. Alejandra Borunda 2018. Italy’s Olive Trees Are Dying. Can They Be Saved? nationalgeographic.com, August 10. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/08/italy-olive-trees-dying-xylella/
Also: Alison Abbott 2018. Italy’s olive crisis intensifies as deadly tree disease spreads. nature.com, 13 November. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07389-8
29. Ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/pest-and-disease-resources/ash-dieback-hymenoscyphus-fraxineus/
30. Bleeding Canker of Horse Chestnut (Pseudomonas syringae pv aesculi). https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/pest-and-disease-resources/bleeding-canker-of-horse-chestnut/

 

Chapter 8: Habitat Destruction

 

1. Stephan Harding 2010. Gaia and Biodiversity. In Crist and H. Bruce Rinker 2010, 109.
2. IPBES Global Assessment Report 2019. 17. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8l2v0u4jqptp3/AACpraYjOYWpTxAFv5H-2vrKa/1%20Global%20Assessment%20Summary%20for%20Policymakers?dl=0&preview=Summary+for+Policymakers+IPBES+Global+Assessment.pdf&subfolder_nav_tracking=1
And: International Rivers. https://www.internationalrivers.org/questions-and-answers-about-large-dams
3. Patrick Barkham 2018. Europe faces ‘biodiversity oblivion’ after collapse in French birds, experts warn. theguardian.com, 21 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/21/europe-faces-biodiversity-oblivion-after-collapse-in-french-bird-populations
4. Damian Carrington 2018. What is biodiversity and why does it matter to us? theguardian.com, 12 March. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/12/what-is-biodiversity-and-why-does-it-matter-to-us
5. Leyland Cecco 2018. Canada’s salmon hold the key to saving its killer whales. theguardian.com, 12 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/12/canada-disappearing-killer-whales-ecosystem-crisis-chinook-salmon
6. Dom Phillips 2018. Brazil records worst annual deforestation for a decade. theguardian.com, 24 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/24/brazil-records-worst-annual-deforestation-for-a-decade
7. Fiona Harvey 2020. Amazon near tipping point of switching from rainforest to savannah – study. theguardian.com, 5 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/05/amazon-near-tipping-point-of-switching-from-rainforest-to-savannah-study
Arie Staal, Ingo Fetzer, et al. 2020. Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century. Nature Communications volume 11, 4978. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18728-7
8. Hannah Ellis-Petersen 2020. India plans to fell ancient forest to create 40 new coalfields. theguardian.com, 8 August. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/08/india-prime-minister-narendra-modi-plans-to-fell-ancient-forest-to-create-40-new-coal-fields
9. Martua T. Sirait 2009. Indigenous Peoples and Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Amsterdam University Law Faculty. https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/RP16385.pdf
10. Abrahm Lustgarten 2018. Palm Oil Was Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe. nytimes.com, November 20. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html
11. Martua T. Sirait 2009, op. cit.
12. Arthur Neslen 2016. Protected forests in Europe felled to meet EU renewable targets – report. theguardian.com, 24 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/24/protected-forests-in-europe-felled-to-meet-eu-renewable-targets-report
13. Subhankar Banerjee 2018. Biological Annihilation: a Planet in Loss Mode. CounterPunch, December 13. https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/12/13/biological-annihilation-a-planet-in-loss-mode/?fbclid=IwAR3_1AyTlU-2xR-JgU6a-uPNYTj5gVxIOCcBacKcaa3ca-kazi1yuTeWVkw
14. Tom Horton 2011. Revival of the American Chestnut. americanforests.org, December 1st. https://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/revival-of-the-american-chestnut/
15. Subhankar Banerjee 2018, op. cit. Referring to a study by the Los Alamos National Laboratory: April Reese 2018. Bird Population Plummets in Piñon Forests Pummeled by Climate Change. Audubon, August 14. https://www.audubon.org/news/bird-population-plummets-pinon-forests-pummeled-climate-change
16. Robin McKie 2019. ‘To save our fish, we must first find ways to unblock UK’s rivers,’ say scientists. theguardian.com, 1 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/01/to-save-fish-unblock-uk-rivers-swansea-university-scientists
17. Joshua Jones, et al. 2019. A comprehensive assessment of stream fragmentation in Great Britain. Science of The Total Environment volume 673, 10 July 2019, 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.125
18. Jonathan Watts 2019. Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth’s natural life. theguardian.com, Mon 6 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report?utm_term=RWRpdG9yaWFsX0dyZWVuTGlnaHQtMTkwNTEw&utm_source=esp&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=GreenLight&CMP=greenlight_email
19. Stephan Harding 2010, op. cit. 107-124. Referring to Bert C. Klein 1989. Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Dung and Carrion Beetle Communities in Central Amazonia. Ecology volume 70, No. 6 (December 1989), Ecological Society of America. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1938106
20. Convention on Biological Diversity 2020. Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal. https://www.cbd.int/gbo5
21. Jonathan Watts 2018. Habitat loss threatens all our futures, world leaders warned. theguardian.com, 17 November. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/17/habitat-loss-biodiversity-wildlife-climate-change
22. Quoted in: Jonathan Watts 2018. China urged to lead way in efforts to save life on Earth. theguardian.com, 29 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/29/china-urged-lead-way-efforts-save-life-on-earth-un
23. Quoted in: Jonathan Watts 2018. Stop biodiversity loss or we could face our own extinction, warns UN. theguardian.com, 6 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/03/stop-biodiversity-loss-or-we-could-face-our-own-extinction-warns-un
Also: UN Decade on Biodiversity. Press Release, 29 Nov. 2018. https://www.cbd.int/doc/press/2018/pr-2018-11-29-cop14-en.pdf
24. Leyland Cecco 2018. Canada’s salmon hold the key to saving its killer whales. theguardian.com, 12 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/12/canada-disappearing-killer-whales-ecosystem-crisis-chinook-salmon
25. Recommended: Edward O. Wilson 2016. Half-Earth: Our Planet’s Fight for Life. New York: Norton.
26. EO Wilson quoted in: Robin McKie 2018. Should we give up half of the Earth to wildlife? theguardian.com, 18 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/18/should-we-give-half-planet-earth-wildlife-nature-reserve
27. The Half-Earth Project: https://www.half-earthproject.org/
28. E. Dinerstein, et al. 2020. A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate. Science Advances, 04 September 2020: Vol. 6, no. 36, eabb2824. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/36/eabb2824
A good interactive presentation: Niko Kommenda 2020. Planetary ‘safety net’ could halt wildlife loss and slow climate breakdown. theguardian.com, 29 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2020/sep/29/planetary-safety-net-could-halt-wildlife-loss-and-slow-climate-breakdown-aoe
29. Rewilding Charter Working Group (2020) Global Charter for Rewilding the Earth. The Ecological Citizen 4(Suppl A): 6-21. https://www.ecologicalcitizen.net/issue.php?i=Vol+4+Suppl+A
30. Greenpeace Global Oceans: https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/what-we-do/oceans/
31. “Rang-Tan in my bedroom” on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdpspllWI2o&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR1zFNN6XjH6LNRg-X3FhRViL_cXTBOAVzc9tD8pXtrXD8D3H5ss0zqtYFw
32. Stephan Harding 2010, op. cit. 109.
33. WWF 2018. Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming higher. https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_report_2018
34. Leyland Cecco 2018, op. cit.
35. Dom Phillips 2018, op. cit.
36. Jonathan Watts 2019. Amazon deforestation ‘at highest level in a decade’. theguardian.com, 18 November 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/18/amazon-deforestation-at-highest-level-in-a-decade
37. Sean Sloan, et al. 2018. Hidden challenges for conservation and development along the Trans-Papuan economic corridor. Environmental Science and Policy 92 (2019) 98-106. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1462901118311195

 

Chapter 9: Invasive Species


1. Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, et al. 2016. First detection of Hyalomma rufipes in Germany. ScienceDirect, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 7, Issue 6, October, 1135-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.08.008
Also: WHO 2013. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. 31 January. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever
2. Conal Urquhart 2015. Red squirrel finds pine marten a fearsome ally in its fight for survival. theguardian.com, 22 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/feb/22/red-squirrel-pine-marten-survival
3. S. Dubois, N. Fenwick, EA Ryan, et al. 2017. International consensus principles for ethical wildlife control. Conservation Biology 31: 753-60. In: EC Parke and JC Russell 2018. Ethical responsibilities in invasion biology. The Ecological Citizen 2: 17-19.
4. D. Fraser 2012. A ‘practical ethic’ for animals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 25: 721-46. In EC Parke and JC Russell 2018. Ethical responsibilities in invasion biology. The Ecological Citizen 2: 17-19.
5. David Derbyshire 2018. The terrifying phenomenon that is pushing species towards extinction. theguardian.com, 25 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/25/mass-mortality-events-animal-conservation-climate-change
6. Subhankar Banerjee 2018. Biological Annihilation: a Planet in Loss Mode. CounterPunch, December 13. https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/12/13/biological-annihilation-a-planet-in-loss-mode/?fbclid=IwAR3_1AyTlU-2xR-JgU6a-uPNYTj5gVxIOCcBacKcaa3ca-kazi1yuTeWVkw
Also: Lynda V. Mapes 2014. Starfish are ‘just melting’: Disease killing 80 percent of them. seattletimes.com, June 30. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/starfish-are-lsquojust-meltingrsquo-disease-killing-80-percent-of-them/
Also: Lynda V. Mapes 2016. Scientists now link massive starfish die-off, warming ocean. seattletimes.com, February 21. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/scientists-now-link-massive-starfish-die-off-warming-ocean/
7. Banerjee 2018, op. cit.
8. Australian Associated Press 2018. Sydney suffers through hottest day since 1939 as temperatures reach 47.3C in Penrith. theguardian.com, 7 January. https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2018/jan/07/sydney-records-hottest-day-as-temperatures-reach-47c-in-penrith
9. Deutschlandfunk 2018. Bachforellensterben – Forscher finden Ursache des rätselhaften Phänomens. DLF, Umwelt & Verbraucher, 29.11.
10. Simon Romero 2020. New Mexico Mystery: Why Are So Many Birds Dropping Dead? nytimes.com, September 15. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/15/us/dead-birds-new-mexico-colorado.html
11. Jeremy Plester 2017. All hell breaks loose as the tundra thaws. theguardian.com, 20 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/20/hell-breaks-loose-tundra-thaws-weatherwatch
Compare: Wikipedia: Permafrost > Microbes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost#Microbes
12. Jim Robbins 2012. The Ecology of Disease. nytimes.com, July 14. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/the-ecology-of-disease.html?fbclid=IwAR1QmSno3sYUZO2qQawB7LLWQopKNeZODdPrvOco4XGGcAjQAMlNV4c76nw
13. Marcia L. Kalish, et al. 2005. Central African Hunters Exposed to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. Emerg Infect Dis, 2005 December; 11(12): 1928-1930. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367631/
14. Jim Robbins 2012, op. cit.
15. Jim Robbins 2012, op. cit.
16. Peter Beaumont 2019. What’s really behind the spread of Lyme disease? Clue: it’s not the Pentagon. theguardian.com, 19 July. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/19/lyme-disease-pentagon-tick-bite-climate-crisis
17. Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, et al. 2016, op. cit.
18. Quoted in Robbins 2012, op. cit.
19. Mattha Busby 2020. ‘Live animals are the largest source of infection’: dangers of the export trade. theguardian.com, 21 January. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/21/live-animals-are-the-largest-source-of-infection-dangers-of-the-export-trade
20. Rob Wallace (interview) 2020. Where did coronavirus come from, and where will it take us? Uneven Earth, March 12. https://unevenearth.org/2020/03/where-did-coronavirus-come-from-and-where-will-it-take-us-an-interview-with-rob-wallace-author-of-big-farms-make-big-flu/
21. ibid.
22. The IUCN List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/
And: Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species. https://www.griis.org/about.php
Jonathan Watts 2018. New global registry of invasive species is ‘milestone’ in protecting biodiversity. theguardian.com, 23 January. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/23/new-global-registry-of-invasive-species-is-milestone-in-protecting-biodiversity
23. James C. Scott 2018. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press.
24. Colin J. Carlson 2020. From PREDICT to prevention, one pandemic later. The Lancet, Comment, Volume 1, ISSUE 1, e6-e7, May 01. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30002-1

 

Chapter 10: Pollution


1. Damian Carrington 2019. Microplastics ‘significantly contaminating the air’, scientists warn. theguardian.com, 14 August. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/14/microplastics-found-at-profuse-levels-in-snow-from-arctic-to-alps-contamination
Also: Cheryl Katz 2019. Tiny pieces of plastic found in Arctic snow. nationalgeographic.com, August 14. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/microplastics-found-in-arctic-snow/
2. JL Pauly, et al. 1998. Inhaled cellulosic and plastic fibers found in human lung tissue. American Association for Cancer Research, Volume 7, Issue 5, 419-428. https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/7/5/419.article-info
3. Kieran D. Cox, et al. 2019. Human Consumption of Microplastics. American Chemical Society, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2019, 53, 12, 7068-7074. June 5. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517
4. ibid.
5. Dunzhu Li, et al. 2020. Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation. Nature Food, 19 October. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y
Damian Carrington 2020. Microplastics revealed in the placentas of unborn babies. theguardian.com, 22 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/22/microplastics-revealed-in-placentas-unborn-babies
6. Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck, and Kara Lavender Law 2017. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 2017 July; 3(7): e1700782. Published online 2017 July 19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517107/
7. Adam Vaughan 2016. Biodegradable plastic ‘false solution’ for ocean waste problem. theguardian.com, 23 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/23/biodegradable-plastic-false-solution-for-ocean-waste-problem
8. Fiona Harvey 2020. Plastic waste entering oceans expected to triple in 20 years. theguardian.com, 23 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/23/plastic-waste-entering-oceans-triple-20-years-research
9. Sandra Laville 2018. Tyres and synthetic clothes ‘big cause of microplastic pollution’. theguardian.com, 22 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/22/tyres-and-synthetic-clothes-big-cause-of-microplastic-pollution
10. N. Evangeliou, et al. 2020. Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions. Nature Communications volume 11, 3381. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17201-9
11. Ian Sample 2018. ‘Sad surprise’: Amazon fish contaminated by plastic particles. theguardian.com, 16 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/16/sad-surprise-amazon-fish-contaminated-by-plastic-particles
12. United Nations Environment Programme 2018. How to banish the ghosts of dead fishing gear from our seas. www.unenvironment.org, accessed in December 2018. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/how-banish-ghosts-dead-fishing-gear-our-seas
13. Laura Paddison 2016. Single clothes wash may release 700,000 microplastic fibres, study finds. theguardian.com, 27 September. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds
14. Damian Carrington 2017. Plastic fibres found in tap water around the world, study reveals. theguardian.com, 6 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/06/plastic-fibres-found-tap-water-around-world-study-reveals
15. Andrew JR Watts, et al. 2015. Ingestion of Plastic Microfibers by the Crab Carcinus maenas and Its Effect on Food Consumption and Energy Balance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (24), 14597-14604. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b04026?journalCode=esthag
16. Leyland Cecco 2018. Canada’s salmon hold the key to saving its killer whales. theguardian.com, 12 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/12/canada-disappearing-killer-whales-ecosystem-crisis-chinook-salmon
17. John Vidal 2016. Microplastics should be banned in cosmetics to save oceans, MPs say. theguardian.com, 24 August. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/24/microplastics-ban-in-cosmetics-save-oceans-mps-say-microbeads
18. Fiona Harvey 2016. Microplastics killing fish before they reach reproductive age, study finds. theguardian.com, 2 June. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/02/microplastics-killing-fish-before-they-reach-reproductive-age-study-finds?CMP=share_btn_tw
19. Hannah Summers 2018. Great Pacific garbage patch $20m cleanup fails to collect plastic. the guardian.com, 20 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/20/great-pacific-garbage-patch-20m-cleanup-fails-to-collect-plastic
20. Matthew Taylor 2017. Plastics found in stomachs of deepest sea creatures. theguardian.com, 15 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/plastics-found-in-stomachs-of-deepest-sea-creatures
21. Damian Carrington 2018. Plastic pollution discovered at deepest point of ocean. theguardian.com, 20 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/20/plastic-pollution-mariana-trench-deepest-point-ocean
22. Damian Carrington 2018. Microplastics can spread via flying insects, research shows. theguardian.com, 19 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/19/microplastics-can-spread-via-flying-insects-research-shows
23. Damian Carrington 2017. Plastic fibres found in tap water around the world, study reveals. theguardian.com, 6 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/06/plastic-fibres-found-tap-water-around-world-study-reveals
24. Alicia Mateos-Cárdenas, et al. 2020. Rapid fragmentation of microplastics by the freshwater amphipod Gammarus duebeni (Lillj.). Scientific Reports volume 10, 12799. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-69635-2
25. Government Office for Science. Foresight Future of the Sea: A Report from the Government Chief Scientific Advisor. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/706956/foresight-future-of-the-sea-report.pdf
26. See video clip “WWF report warns annihilation of wildlife threatens civilisation – video”. 30 October 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2018/oct/30/wwf-report-warns-annihilation-of-wildlife-threatens-civilisation-video
27. Pressestelle Medizinische Universität und Wien Pressestelle Umweltbundesamt 2018. Erstmals Mikroplastik im Menschen nachgewiesen. https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/aktuell/presse/lastnews/news2018/news_181023/
28. Fiona Harvey 2016. Microplastics killing fish before they reach reproductive age, study finds. theguardian.com, 2 June. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/02/microplastics-killing-fish-before-they-reach-reproductive-age-study-finds?CMP=share_btn_tw
29. Fiona Harvey 2018. Whale and shark species at increasing risk from microplastic pollution – study. theguardian.com, 5 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/05/whale-and-shark-species-at-increasing-risk-from-microplastic-pollution-study
30. Damian Carrington 2018. Orca ‘apocalypse’: half of killer whales doomed to die from pollution. theguardian.com, 27 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/27/orca-apocalypse-half-of-killer-whales-doomed-to-die-from-pollution
Also: Monika Seynsche 2016. PCB hat katastrophale Folgen für Meeressäuger. Deutschlandfunk.de, 19. Juni. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/schwertwale-pcb-hat-katastrophale-folgen-fuer-meeressaeuger.676.de.html?dram%3Aarticle_id=357572
31. Leyland Cecco 2018. Canada’s salmon hold the key to saving its killer whales. theguardian.com, 12 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/12/canada-disappearing-killer-whales-ecosystem-crisis-chinook-salmon
32. BUND 2001. Hormonaktive Substanzen im Wasser – Gefahr für Gewässer und Mensch. https://www.bund.net/…/user…/fluesse_hormonaktive_substanzen_hintergrund.pdf
33. Oliver Milman 2018a. ‘Great Pacific garbage patch’ sprawling with far more debris than thought. theguardian.com, 22 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/22/great-pacific-garbage-patch-sprawling-with-far-more-debris-than-thought
34. Wikipedia: Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags
35. Jennifer Rankin 2019. European parliament votes to ban single-use plastics. theguardian.com, 27 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/27/the-last-straw-european-parliament-votes-to-ban-single-use-plastics
36. Dream McClinton 2019. Florida bill would ban plastic straw bans until 2024. theguardian.com, 6 March. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/06/florida-bill-ban-plastic-straws
37. BBC News. Plastic straws: Government confirms ban in England. bbc.co.uk, 22 May 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/48357090
38. France 24. La France a commandé près de 2 milliards de masques en Chine. 04/04/2020. https://www.france24.com/fr/20200404-la-france-a-command%C3%A9-pr%C3%A8s-de-2-milliards-de-masques-en-chine
39. Ashifa Kassam 2020. ‘More masks than jellyfish’: coronavirus waste ends up in ocean. theguardian.com, 8 June. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/08/more-masks-than-jellyfish-coronavirus-waste-ends-up-in-ocean
40. WHO 2020. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: Interim guidance. 5 June. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjNg9eFoYHqAhVHeMAKHWt4BCUQFjAAegQIBBAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Frest%2Fbitstreams%2F1279750%2Fretrieve&usg=AOvVaw3OEk7GblHnLXwd5oEzXFJ1
41. Sandra Laville 2020. New British standard for biodegradable plastic introduced. theguardian.com, 1 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/01/new-british-standard-for-biodegradable-plastic-introduced
42. EPA superfund: https://www.epa.gov/superfund
Also: Chris D’Angelo 2020. EPA’s Superfund program, a Trump priority, is in shambles. grist.org, January 11. https://grist.org/politics/epas-superfund-program-a-trump-priority-is-in-shambles/
43. Damian Carrington 2018. Orca ‘apocalypse’: half of killer whales doomed to die from pollution. theguardian.com, 27 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/27/orca-apocalypse-half-of-killer-whales-doomed-to-die-from-pollution
44. Sandra Laville 2018. Tyres and synthetic clothes ‘big cause of microplastic pollution’. theguardian.com, 22 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/22/tyres-and-synthetic-clothes-big-cause-of-microplastic-pollution
45. Louise Edge, oceans campaigner at Greenpeace UK, quoted in Laura Paddison 2016. Single clothes wash may release 700,000 microplastic fibres, study finds. theguardian.com, 27 September. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/27/washing-clothes-releases-water-polluting-fibres-study-finds
46. YouTube: “The Man Clearing 9,000 Tons of Trash From Mumbai’s Beaches.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtGsdiYdObQ
47. United Nations Environment Programme. How to banish the ghosts of dead fishing gear from our seas. www.unenvironment.org, accessed in December 2018. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/how-banish-ghosts-dead-fishing-gear-our-seas
48. United Nations Environment Programme. Tackling marine debris. www.unenvironment.org, accessed in December 2018. https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/north-america/regional-initiatives/tackling-marine-debris
49. Fiona Harvey 2016. Scientists call for better plastics design to protect marine life. theguardian.com, 14 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jul/14/scientists-call-for-better-plastics-design-to-protect-marine-life
50. jme/dpa 2018. Der größte Mikroplastik-Verursacher sind Autoreifen. spiegel.de, 04.09. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/mikroplastik-der-groesste-verursacher-sind-autoreifen-a-1226400.html
51. Rebecca Smithers 2020. Device to curb microplastic emissions wins James Dyson award. theguardian.com, 17 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/17/device-to-curb-microplastic-emissions-wins-james-dyson-award
52. Wikipedia: Cradle-to-Cradle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things#Publication
53. Steinar Brandslet 2020. Bioplastics no safer than other plastics. norwegianscitechnews.com, 20.10. https://norwegianscitechnews.com/2020/10/bioplastics-no-safer-than-other-plastics/
54. According to the conservative EU Member of Parliament, Karl-Heinz-Florenz, in: Paul Vorreiter: EU-Parlament diskutiert über Plastikverbot. DLF, 23.10.2018. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/plastikmuell-eu-parlament-diskutiert-ueber-plastikverbot.1773.de.html?dram:article_id=431244
55. YouTube: “Trashed trailer”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5z2s_klZkFg
56. Wikipedia: Nanotechnology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology#Nanomaterials
57. Fabienne Schwab quoted in: Kurt F. de Swaaf 2011. Nano-Müll könnte Leben im Wasser stören. spiegel.de, 13.11. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/gehemmtes-algenwachstum-nano-muell-koennte-leben-im-wasser-stoeren-a-797102.html
See: Fabienne Schwab, et al. 2011. Are Carbon Nanotube Effects on Green Algae Caused by Shading and Agglomeration? Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45, 14, 6136-44. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es200506b
And: Fabienne Schwab, et al. 2013. Diuron Sobbed to Carbon Nanotubes Exhibits Enhanced Toxicity to Chlorella vulgaris. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47, 13, 7012-7019. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304016u
58. YouTube: “More Than Honey – Official Trailer”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NT05qEJxUk
59. Ian Whyte 2018. Life’s catastrophe: An angry editorial. The Ecological Citizen 2: 5-10. Referring to: Human Rights Council 2017. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. UN General Assembly, New York, NY, USA. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/017/85/PDF/G1701785.pdf?OpenElement
60. Damian Carrington 2017. UN experts denounce ‘myth’ pesticides are necessary to feed the world. theguardian.com, 7 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/07/un-experts-denounce-myth-pesticides-are-necessary-to-feed-the-world
61. UN 2019. Global Environmental Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People.
62. Dipali Singh, Ladislav Nedbal, Oliver Ebenhöh 2018. Modelling phosphorus uptake in microalgae. Biochemical Society Transactions, April 17, 2018, 46 (2) 483-490. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666218/
UN 2021. Launch of the Second World Ocean Assessment (WOA II). https://www.un.org/regularprocess/woa2launch
63. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/faqs-zu-nitrat-im-grund-trinkwasser#textpart-3
64. Julia Merlot 2018. Darum geht es in der Gülleklage. spiegel.de, 21.06. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/nitrat-im-grundwasser-darueber-entscheidet-der-europaeische-gerichtshof-a-1213593.html
65. Margaret McCasland, et al. 2012. Nitrate: Health Effects in Drinking Water. Cornell University, Pesticide Safety Education Program (PSEP). https://psep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/nit-heef-grw85.aspx
66. Sandra Ratzow 2018. Neuseeland: Verseuchtes Trinkwasser. daserste.de, 23.04. https://www.daserste.de/information/politik-weltgeschehen/weltspiegel/sendung/neuseeland-wasser-100.html
67. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 2010. Food Harvest 2020: A vision for Irish agri-food and fisheries. https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/foodindustrydevelopmenttrademarkets/agri-foodandtheeconomy/foodharvest2020/2020FoodHarvestEng240810.pdf
68. Ella McSweeney 2020. ‘We’ve crossed a threshold’: has industrial farming contributed to Ireland’s water crisis? theguardian.com, 28 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/28/weve-crossed-a-threshold-has-industrial-farming-contributed-to-irelands-water-crisis
69. Chris Arsenault 2014. Only 60 years of farming left if top soil degradation continues. Scientific American, December 5. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/only-60-years-of-farming-left-if-soil-degradation-continues/
70. Volkert Engelsman quoted in: Chris Arsenault 2014, op. cit.
71. Recommended reading: Damian Carrington 2018. Global food system is broken, say world’s science academies. theguardian.com, 28 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/28/global-food-system-is-broken-say-worlds-science-academies
Compare: Philip Case 2014. Only 100 harvests left in UK farm soils, scientists warn. Farmers Weekly, 21 October 2014. https://www.fwi.co.uk/news/only-100-harvests-left-in-uk-farm-soils-scientists-warn
72. BUND 2001. Hormonaktive Substanzen im Wasser – Gefahr für Gewässer und Mensch. https://www.bund.net/…/user…/fluesse_hormonaktive_substanzen_hintergrund.pdf
73. Fred Pearce 2002. Dung to Death. New Scientist, 20 April 2002, 20, referring to Stephan Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
74. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen 2019. Eklatante Mängel in der Schweinehaltung. https://www.gruene-bundestag.de/agrar/eklatante-maengel-in-der-schweinehaltung.html (Accessed 14 June 2020). Referring to: Albert Sundrum. Tierschutzmängel in der Schweinehaltung – Erläuterungen zum aktuellen Stand. https://www.gruene-bundestag.de/fileadmin/media/gruenebundestag_de/themen_az/agrar/190119_Studie_Tierschutzmängel_in_der_Schweinehaltung.pdf
75. Fiona Harvey 2019. Superbug hotspots emerging in farms across globe – study. theguardian.com, 19 September 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/19/superbug-hotspots-emerging-in-farms-across-globe-study
76. Fred Pearce 2002, op. cit.
77. Gregory Robinson 2019. Antibiotic resistance rising among dolphins, study reveals. theguardian.com, 15 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/15/antibiotic-resistance-rising-among-dolphins-study-reveals
78. Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker, Anders Wijkman, et al. 2018. Come On! Capitalism, Short-termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet. A Report to the Club of Rome. New York: Springer. ch. 1.6.1.
79. SynBioWatch 2016. 160 Global Groups Call for Moratorium on New Genetic Extinction Technology at UN Convention. https://www.synbiowatch.org/2016/12/160-global-groups-call-for-moratorium-on-new-genetic-extinction-technology-at-un-convention/?lores
80. SynBioWatch 2016. The Gene Drive Files: Disclosed Emails Reveal Military as top funder of dangerous new genetic manipulation technique. https://www.synbiowatch.org/2017/12/the-gene-drive-files/?lores
81. Maria Varenikova 2020. Chernobyl Wildfires Reignite, Stirring Up Radiation. nytimes.com, April 11. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/world/europe/chernobyl-wildfire.html
82. Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz 2018. Radioaktive Belastung von Pilzen und Wildbret. 22.10. https://www.bfs.de/DE/themen/ion/umwelt/lebensmittel/pilze-wildbret/pilze-wildbret.html
83. Mark Diesendorf 2015. Accidents, waste and weapons: nuclear power isn’t worth the risks. The Conversation, May 18. https://theconversation.com/accidents-waste-and-weapons-nuclear-power-isnt-worth-the-risks-41522/978-0-08-057303-8
84. Nicole Feldman 2018. The steep costs of nuclear waste in the U.S. Stanford University. Stanford Earth, July 03. https://earth.stanford.edu/news/steep-costs-nuclear-waste-us
85. Duncan Clark 2012. How much do we spend on nuclear waste? theguardian.com, 16 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/16/nuclear-waste-sellafield
86. W. Richardson 2013. Marine Mammals and Noise. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-noise/richardson/978-0-08-057303-8
87. Agence France-Presse 2017. Baby whales ‘whisper’ to mothers to avoid predators, study finds. theguardian.com, 26 April. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/26/baby-whales-whisper-to-mothers-to-avoid-predators-study-finds
88. Christin T. Murphy, et al. 2017. Seal Whiskers Vibrate Over Broad Frequencies During Hydrodynamic Tracking. Scientific Reports 7(1), December. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07676-w
89. Greenpeace 2003. Sonar tötet Wale. https://www.greenpeace.de/themen/meere/sonar-toetet-wale
90. PD Jepson, et al. 2013. What Caused the UK’s Largest Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) Mass Stranding Event? PLoS ONE 8(4): e60953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060953
91. YouTube: “Wegen künstlichem Sonar: US-Paranoia vor russischen U-Booten gefährdet Wale”. RT news, October 28, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgyictRIi7I
92. Pippa Howard, et al. 2020. An assessment of the risks and impacts of seabed mining on marine ecosystems. Fauna & Flora International, March 2020. https://cms.fauna-flora.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/FFI_2020_The-risks-impacts-deep-seabed-mining_Report.pdf
93. Karen McVeigh 2020. David Attenborough calls for ban on ‘devastating’ deep sea mining. theguardian.com, 12 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/12/david-attenborough-calls-for-ban-on-devastating-deep-sea-mining
94. Spain creates Mediterranean Sea reserve for whale migration. Associated Press, June 29 2018. https://wchstv.com/news/offbeat/spain-creates-mediterranean-sea-reserve-for-whale-migration
95. ibid.
96. EC Wietzikoski Lovato, PAG Velasquez, et al. 2018. High frequency equipment promotes antibacterial effects dependent on intensity and exposure time. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol, 2018; 11: 131-135. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5868622/
97. SV Larionov, DV Krivenko, AV Avdeenko 2011. Effect of electromagnetic radiation of the extremely high frequency millimeter range on thermophilic cultures of bacteria of lactic acid products. Russian Agricultural Sciences volume 37, 434-435. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S1068367411050156
98. Diana Soghomonyan, et al. 2016. Millimeter waves or extremely high frequency electromagnetic fields in the environment: what are their effects on bacteria? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, June 2016; 100 (11): 4761-71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087527/
99. Zoë L. Hutchison, et al. 2020. Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF) influence the behaviour of bottom-dwelling marine species. Scientific Reports volume 10, article 4219. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60793-x
100. Malka N. Halgamuge, et al. 2015. Reduced Growth of Soybean Seedlings After Exposure to Weak Microwave Radiation From GSM 900 Mobile Phone and Base Station. Bioelectromagnetics 36 (2), January. doi: 10.1002/BEM.21890
101. Turs Selga, Maija Selga 1996. Response of Pinus sylvestris L. needles to electromagnetic fields. Cytological and ultrastructural aspects. Science of The Total Environment volume 180, issue 1, 2 February 1996, 65-73. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0048969795049215
102. Katie Haggerty 2010. Adverse Influence of Radio Frequency Background on Trembling Aspen Seedlings: Preliminary Observations. International Journal of Forestry Research volume 2010, 836278. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijfr/2010/836278/
103. Susan McGrath 2014. Cracking Mystery Reveals How Electronics Affect Bird Migration. nationalgeographic.com, May 7. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/5/140507-birds-migration-electromagnetic-robins-henrik-mouritsen-science-broadband/
104. Kirill Kavokin, et al. 2014. Magnetic orientation of garden warblers (Sylvia borin) under 1.4 MHz radiofrequency magnetic field. Journal of the Royal Society, 06 August 2014. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2014.0451
105. Alfonso Balmori 2005. Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Phone Masts on a Population of White Stork (Ciconia ciconia). Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine volume 24, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370500205472
106. Neelima R. Kumar, Sonika Sangwan, Pooja Badotra 2011. Exposure to cell phone radiations produces biochemical changes in worker honey bees. Toxicol Int., 2011 Jan-Jun; 18(1): 70-72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3052591/
107. Christine Merlin, Robert J. Gegear, Steven M. Reppert 2009. Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies. Science 325 (5948): 1700-1704. doi: 10.1126/science.1176221
108. Arno Thielens, Duncan Bell, et al. 2018. Exposure of Insects to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields from 2 to 120 GHz. Scientific Reports volume 8, 3924. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22271-3
109. Recommended: Mark Hertsgaard and Mark Dowie 2018. The inconvenient truth about cancer and mobile phones. theguardian.com, 14 July. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/14/mobile-phones-cancer-inconvenient-truths
110. Leif G. Salford, et al. 2003. Nerve Cell Damage in Mammalian Brain after Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones. Environmental Health Perspectives volume 111, number 7, June 2003, 881-883. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241519/pdf/ehp0111-000881.pdf
111. World Health Organization 2011. IARC classifies radio frequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Press release N° 208, 31 May. https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf
112. SK Mishra, R. Chowdhary, S. Kumari, SB Rao 2017. Effect of Cell Phone Radiations on Orofacial Structures: A Systematic Review. J Clin Diagn Res, 2017 May;11(5):ZE01-ZE05. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658925
113. Mark Hertsgaard and Mark Dowie 2018, op. cit.
114. Yinon M. Bar-On, Rob Phillips, Ron Milo 2018. The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS, June 19, 2018, 115 (25) 6506-6511. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506
115. Jean Louis Guénet 2005. The mouse genome. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Genome Res, 2005, 15: 1729-1740. https://genome.cshlp.org/content/15/12/1729.full.html
116. TED talk on YouTube: “How bacteria ‘talk’ – Bonnie Bassler”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXWurAmtf78
117. joe/dpa 2018. Erstmals Mikroplastik in menschlichen Stuhlproben nachgewiesen. spiegel.de, 23.10. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/mikroplastik-in-menschlichen-stuhlproben-nachgewiesen-a-1234558.html
118. All quotes Dr. Frank Borower (Hamburg, Germany): personal communication, January 2019.
119. Alice Ross 2018. UK household plastics found in illegal dumps in Malaysia. Greenpeace Unearthed, 21.10. https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/10/21/uk-household-plastics-found-in-illegal-dumps-in-malaysia/
120. Ian Sample 2018. ‘Sad surprise’: Amazon fish contaminated by plastic particles. theguardian.com, 16 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/16/sad-surprise-amazon-fish-contaminated-by-plastic-particles
121. Hannah Summers 2018. Great Pacific garbage patch $20m cleanup fails to collect plastic. theguardian.com, 20 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/20/great-pacific-garbage-patch-20m-cleanup-fails-to-collect-plastic
122. Jens-Peter Marquardt 2018. Zigaretten schädigen Lunge und Umwelt. DLF, Umwelt & Verbraucher, 25.10. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/studie-zum-rauchen-zigaretten-schaedigen-lunge-und-umwelt.697.de.html?dram:article_id=431449
123. Jürgen Roth 2017. “Wir brauchen eine mittlere Katastrophe”, Interview mit Peter Berthold. fr.de, 3. Dez. https://www.fr.de/wissen/wir-brauchen-eine-mittlere-katastrophe-11012330.html
124. Patrick Barkham 2018. Europe faces ‘biodiversity oblivion’ after collapse in French birds, experts warn. theguardian.com, 21 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/21/europe-faces-biodiversity-oblivion-after-collapse-in-french-bird-populations
125. USGS 2016. US Geological Survey Minerals Year Book – Phosphate Rock. https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/
126. DVGW 2015. Anthropogene Spurenstoffe in Gewässern. DVGW-Information Wasser Nr. 54, April. https://www.dvgw.de/themen/umwelt/medikamente-und-spurenstoffe/
127. Danny Hakim 2016. Doubts About the Promised Bounty of Genetically Modified Crops. nytimes.com, October 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/business/gmo-promise-falls-short.html
128. Press Association 2017. Seals are deafened in noisy shipping lanes, say scientists. theguardian.com, 2 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/02/seals-deafened-noisy-shipping-lanes-say-scientists
Also: Jim Robbins 2019. Oceans Are Getting Louder, Posing Potential Threats to Marine Life. New York Times online, January 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/22/science/oceans-whales-noise-offshore-drilling.html
129. Damian Carrington 2013. Whales flee from military sonar leading to mass strandings, research shows. theguardian.com, 3 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/03/whales-flee-military-sonar-strandings
130. Leyland Cecco 2018. Canada: locals angry after navy holds live fire exercises in orca habitat. theguardian.com, 22 November. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/22/canada-navy-live-fire-exercise-killer-whale-protected-habitat
131. J. Dreport 2018. 5G experimenten in Den Haag: honderden vogels vallen massaal dood uit de bomen. 2 November. https://jdreport.com/5g-experimenten-den-haag-honderden-vogels-vallen-massaal-dood-uit-de-bomen/
132. Anne Katharina Zschocke 2014. Darmbakterien als Schlüssel zur Gesundheit – Neueste Erkenntnisse aus der Mikrobiom-Forschung. Munich: Knaur. 22f.
133. Anne Katharina Zschocke 2014, op. cit. 41-72.
134. Recommended: The award-winning documentary Microbirth: Revealing the microscopic events during childbirth. 60 min. https://microbirth.com/
135. Anne Katharina Zschocke 2014, op. cit. 76–85.

 

Chapter 11: Population


1. Recommended: Philip Cafaro and Eileen Crist 2012. Life on the Brink: Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation. University of Georgia Press. https://www.ugapress.org/index.php/books/life_on_the_brink/
2. United Nations 2015. World Population Prospects: Key findings and advance tables. The 2015 Revision. New York. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp_2015.pdf
3. Most famously Paul Ehrlich in The Population Bomb (Ballantine Books, New York 1968). But in hindsight his warnings are being revalued, for example:
– Paul A. Murtaugh 2015. Paul Ehrlich’s Population Bomb Argument Was Right. nytimes.com, June 8. https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/06/08/is-overpopulation-a-legitimate-threat-to-humanity-and-the-planet/paul-ehrlichs-population-bomb-argument-was-right?fbclid=IwAR1P619axcVVIlc3tIhclrcKOQDupJHeYge1TItaKvO33VozHpJUCqHUOB0
– Damian Carrington 2018. Paul Ehrlich: ‘Collapse of civilisation is a near certainty within decades’. theguardian.com, 22 March. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/22/collapse-civilisation-near-certain-decades-population-bomb-paul-ehrlich
4. David Von Drehle 2019. Don’t fall for the doomsday predictions. washingtonpost.com, January 8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dont-fall-for-the-doomsday-predictions/2019/01/08/46a4ced2-1361-11e9-b6ad-9cfd62dbb0a8_story.html
5. Tom Butler and Musimbi Kanyoro 2015. Burning down the house. Resilience.org, July 11. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2015-07-11/burning-down-the-house/
6. Eileen Crist, Camilo Mora, Robert Engelman 2017. The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection. Science 356, 260-264 (2017) 21 April. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6335/260.abstract
7. Crist, et al. 2017, op. cit.
8. ibid.
9. ibid.
10. United Nations 2015. World Population Prospects: Key findings and advance tables. The 2015 Revision. New York. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp_2015.pdf
11. Karin Kuhlemann 2018. ‘Any size population will do?’: The fallacy of aiming for stabilization of human numbers. The Ecological Citizen 1: 181-9.
12. Charlotte McDonald 2015. How many Earths do we need? BBC News, 16 June. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33133712
13. Patrick Curry 2011. Ecological Ethics: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. 253-257.
David Pimentel, Michele Whitecraft, et al. 2010. Will Limited Land, Water, and Energy Control Human Population Numbers in the Future? Human Ecology volume 38, 599–611. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10745-010-9346-y
14. Rory Carroll 2018. Mary Robinson on climate change: “Feeling ‘This is too big for me’ is no use to anybody”. theguardian.com, 12 October. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/12/mary-robinson-climate-change-former-president-ireland-ipcc-report
15. Glen Barry 2015. Europe’s Refugee Crisis: Mass Migration is Biosphere Collapse. EcoInternet, September 13. https://ecointernet.org/2015/09/13/essay-mass-migration-is-biosphere-collapse/
16. Brian Kahn 2016. Syria’s drought ‘has likely been its worst in 900 years’. theguardian.com, 2 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/02/syrias-drought-has-likely-been-its-worst-in-900-years
Also: Colin P. Kelley, et al. 2015. Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. PNAS, March 17, 112 (11) 3241-3246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112
Also: Jan Selby, et al. 2017. Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Political Geography 60, September 2017, 232-244.
17. Robin McKie 2018. Should we give up half of the Earth to wildlife? theguardian.com, 18 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/18/should-we-give-half-planet-earth-wildlife-nature-reserve
18. Colin Hines 2018. Immigration and population: The interlinked ecological crisis that dares not speak its name. The Ecological Citizen 2: 51-5.
19. Hannes Weber 2018. Germany’s Cities and Their Environmental Footprint Are Growing Again. NewSecurityBeat, December 10. https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2018/12/germanys-cities-environmental-footprint-growing/?fbclid=IwAR2yimIMz8KzAVKVw4KmrTPU6okZCCJINVr6XeJCRIRmVSBoTlfuSa1TR_8
20. German Federal Government 2016. German Sustainable Development Strategy: New Version 2016. 154. https://archiv.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/72444/455740/7d1716e5d5576bec62c9d16ca908e80e/2017-06-20-langfassung-n-en-data.pdf#page=154
21. German Federal Government 2016, op. cit. 154. https://archiv.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/72444/455740/7d1716e5d5576bec62c9d16ca908e80e/2017-06-20-langfassung-n-en-data.pdf#page=195
22. Wikipedia: List of countries and dependencies by population density. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density (Accessed 11 October 2020).
23. Colin Hines 2017. Progressive protectionism – the Green case for controlling our borders. The Ecologist, 13th January. https://theecologist.org/2017/jan/13/progressive-protectionism-green-case-controlling-our-borders
24. Wade Davis 2018. On Ecological Amnesia. The Tyee, 8 November. https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2018/11/08/On-Ecological-Amnesia/
25. Tom Butler and Musimbi Kanyoro 2015, op. cit.
26. John Bongaarts and Brian C. O’Neill 2018. Global warming policy: Is population left out in the cold? Science 361, 17 August, Issue 6403.
27. Tom Butler and Musimbi Kanyoro 2015, op. cit.
28. Quoted in Jürgen Stryjak 2018. Innenminister beraten – Wie gefährlich ist Syrien für heimkehrende Flüchtlinge?, DLF, 28.11.
29. Oliver Milman, Emily Holden, and David Agren 2018. The unseen driver behind the migrant caravan: climate change. theguardian.com, 30 October. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/migrant-caravan-causes-climate-change-central-america
30. Ahmad Salkida 2012. Africa’s vanishing Lake Chad. UN Africa Renewal, April. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2012/africa%E2%80%99s-vanishing-lake-chad
31. Mélanie Gouby 2020. Chad halts lake’s world heritage status request over oil exploration. theguardian.com, 24 September. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/24/chad-halts-lake-world-heritage-status-request-over-oil-exploration-unesco
32. Colin Hines 2018, op. cit.
33. Jon Clifton 2013. More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. Gallup, March 21. https://news.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx

 

Chapter 12: Overconsumption


1. Eileen Crist 2010. Intimations of Gaia. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker, eds. 2010. Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis. Cambridge MA/London: MIT Press. 315-333.
2. Jessica Aldred 2016. Agriculture and overuse greater threats to wildlife than climate change – study. theguardian.com, 10 August. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/10/agriculture-and-overuse-greater-threats-to-wildlife-than-climate-change-study
3. Damian Carrington 2020. World’s consumption of materials hits record 100bn tonnes a year. theguardian.com, 22 January. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/22/worlds-consumption-of-materials-hits-record-100bn-tonnes-a-year
4. Anne Herrberg 2018. Nicht nur in Peru: Schmutzige Goldförderung zerstört Ökosysteme. DLF, Umwelt & Verbraucher, 9 January.
5. Wikipedia: cocaine > economics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine#Economics
6. Vernadsky quoted in: Stephan Harding and Lynn Margulis 2010. Water Gaia: 3.5 thousand million years of wetness on planet Earth. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker 2010, op. cit. 41-59.
7. Barbara Harwood 2010. Gaia’s freshwater: an oncoming crisis. In Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker 2010, op. cit. 151-163.
8. UN 2019. Große Ungleichheiten beim Zugang zu Wasser. Unesco-Pressemitteilung, 13. März. https://www.unesco.de/newsletter/2580/weltwasserbericht-2019-grosse-ungleichheiten-beim-zugang-zu-wasser-sperrfrist-19
Also: Karin Kuhlemann 2018. ‘Any size population will do?’: The fallacy of aiming for stabilization of human numbers. The Ecological Citizen 1: 181-9. Referring to FAO, 2009; 2012.
9. UN 2019, op. cit.
Compare: FAO 2009. How to Feed the World in 2050: Issue brief. FAO, Rome, Italy. https://is.gd/d8Zj51
Also: FAO 2012. Coping with Water Scarcity: An action framework for agriculture and food security (FAO Water Reports). FAO, Rome, Italy. https://is.gd/7WmSkH
10. Sondhya Gupta 2019. England’s running out of water – and privatisation is to blame. theguardian.com, 21 March. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/21/englands-running-out-of-water-and-privatisation-is-to-blame
11. Brian Merchant 2009. How many gallons of water does it take to make… treehugger.com, June 24. https://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/how-many-gallons-of-water-does-it-take-to-make.html
12. Fermín Koop 2017. Time running out for WTO to act on fishing subsidies. chinadialogue, 07.12. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/10281-Time-running-out-for-WTO-to-act-on-fishing-subsidies
See also: Suzanne Goldenberg 2014. Fuel subsidies ‘drive fishing industry’s plunder of the high seas’. theguardian.com, 24 June. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/24/fuel-subsidies-drive-fishing-industrys-plunder-of-the-high-seas
13. Robin McKie 2017. North Atlantic’s greatest survivors are hunted once more. theguardian.com, 25 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/25/whales-right-atlantic-conservation-sea-fishing-extinct
14. IUCN 2020. Almost a third of lemurs and North Atlantic Right Whale now Critically Endangered – IUCN Red List. 09 July. https://www.iucn.org/news/species/202007/almost-a-third-lemurs-and-north-atlantic-right-whale-now-critically-endangered-iucn-red-list?
15. Robin McKie 2018a. The oceans’ last chance: ‘It has taken years of negotiations to set this up’. theguardian.com, 5 August. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/05/last-chance-save-oceans-fishing-un-biodiversity-conference
16. Mike Hoffman, of the Zoological Society of London, quoted in Robin McKie 2018b. Should we give up half of the Earth to wildlife? theguardian.com, 18 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/18/should-we-give-half-planet-earth-wildlife-nature-reserve
17. George Monbiot 2015. We’re treating soil like dirt. It’s a fatal mistake, as our lives depend on it. theguardian.com, 25 March. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/25/treating-soil-like-dirt-fatal-mistake-human-life
18. Richard Allison 2014. UK soil crisis hitting crop yields, warns expert. Farmers Weekly, 10 February. https://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/uk-soil-crisis-hitting-crop-yields-warns-expert
19. Jürgen Roth 2017. “Wir brauchen eine mittlere Katastrophe”, Interview mit Peter Berthold. fr.de, 3. Dez. https://www.fr.de/wissen/wir-brauchen-eine-mittlere-katastrophe-11012330.html
20. J. Sanderman, et al. 2017. Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2017/08/15/1706103114.full.pdf
21. IAP 2018. Opportunities for future research and innovation on food and nutrition security and agriculture: The InterAcademy Partnership’s global perspective. InterAcademy Partnership, November. 45. https://www.interacademies.org/node/50845
Also: Chris Arsenault 2014. Only 60 years of farming left if top soil degradation continues. Scientific American, December 5. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/only-60-years-of-farming-left-if-soil-degradation-continues
22. Chris Arsenault 2014, op. cit.
23. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 2015. Cross compliance in England: soil protection standards. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/397046/CCSoilPS_2015_v1_WEB.pdf
24. IUCN. Land degradation and climate change. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/land-degradation-and-climate-change
25. Paige L. Stanley, et al. 2018. Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems. Agricultural Systems 162, May 2018, 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.02.003
26. Tim Flannery 2011, op. cit. 261-5.
27. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): https://communitysupportedagriculture.org.uk/what-is-csa
28. Bibi van der Zee 2018. What is the true cost of eating meat? theguardian.com, 7 May. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/may/07/true-cost-of-eating-meat-environment-health-animal-welfare
29. Dave Merrill and Lauren Leatherby 2018. Here’s How America Uses Its Land. bloomberg.com, July 31. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2018-us-land-use/?
30. Damian Carrington 2018. Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study. theguardian.com, 21 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study
31. Kelly Anthis 2019. Global Farmed & Factory Farmed Animals Estimates. Sentience Institute, February 21. https://www.sentienceinstitute.org/global-animal-farming-estimates
32. J. Poore, T. Nemecek 2018. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 01 June 2018: Vol. 360, Issue 6392, 987-992. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6392/987
33. The Food and Land Use Coalition 2019. The Global Consultation Report, September. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf
34. Rob Wallace (interview) 2020. Where did coronavirus come from, and where will it take us? Uneven Earth, March 12. https://unevenearth.org/2020/03/where-did-coronavirus-come-from-and-where-will-it-take-us-an-interview-with-rob-wallace-author-of-big-farms-make-big-flu/
35. Véronique Bouvard, et al. 2015. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. The Lancet, Oncology, volume 16, issue 16, 1599-1600, December 01. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1
36. Johns Hopkins Medicine 2018. Beef Jerky and Other Processed Meats Associated with Manic Episodes. Neuroscience News, July 21. https://neurosciencenews.com/meat-mania-9594/
37. Marco Springmann, et al. 2020. Health-motivated taxes on red and processed meat: A modelling study on optimal tax levels and associated health impacts. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0204139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204139
38. Philipp Lichterbeck 2017. Mit Pfeil und Bogen gegen die Auslöschung. Cicero, 3. Mai. https://www.cicero.de/aussenpolitik/brasilien-Mit-Pfeil-und-Bogen-gegen-die-Ausloeschung
39. French documentary Tomorrow: Take concrete steps to a sustainable future. A film by Cyril Dion and Mélanie Laurent. 2015. https://www.tomorrow-documentary.com/
40. Zac Goldsmith, UK MEP, in The Economics of Happiness. Films for Action. Min. 21.21. https://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/the-economics-of-happiness/
41. The Economics of Happiness. Films for Action. Min. 22.00. https://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/the-economics-of-happiness/
And: Local Futures. Just how insane is trade these days? Factsheet. https://www.localfutures.org/wp-content/uploads/Insane-Trade-Factsheet-Final.pdf
42. Helen Harwatt 2018. Including animal to plant protein shifts in climate change mitigation policy: a proposed three-step strategy. Climate Policy volume 19, issue 5, tandfonline.com, 26 November. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2018.1528965
43. Bibi van der Zee 2018, op. cit.
44. The EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health. https://eatforum.org/eat-lancet-commission/
45. Damian Carrington 2014. Giving up beef will reduce carbon footprint more than cars, says expert. theguardian.com, 21 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/21/giving-up-beef-reduce-carbon-footprint-more-than-cars
46. The Vegan Society. Statistics. https://www.vegansociety.com/news/media/statistics (Accessed 28 Oct 2020).
Further reading: Sara Farr 2017. Why Reducing Meat Consumption Is the Easiest Step Everyone Can Take to Fix Our Broken Food System. One Green Planet. https://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/why-we-need-to-reduce-meat-consumption-for-the-planet/
Further reading: Arthur Neslen 2018. Europe’s meat and dairy production must halve by 2050, expert warns. theguardian.com, 15 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/15/europe-meat-dairy-production-2050-expert-warns
Further reading: Damian Carrington 2018. Huge reduction in meat-eating ‘essential’ to avoid climate breakdown. theguardian.com, 10 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/10/huge-reduction-in-meat-eating-essential-to-avoid-climate-breakdown
Further reading: Rebecca Smithers 2018. Third of Britons have stopped or reduced eating meat – report. theguardian.com, 1 November. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/nov/01/third-of-britons-have-stopped-or-reduced-meat-eating-vegan-vegetarian-report
47. Dave Goulson 2020. A lot to learn. Resurgence & Ecologist, Issue 318, January/February. https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article5461-a-lot-to-learn.html
48. Jill L. Edmondson, et al. 2014. Urban cultivation in allotments maintains soil qualities adversely affected by conventional agriculture. Journal of Applied Ecology volume 51, issue 4, August, 880-889. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.12254
49. Sara Burrows 2020. Nearly 40% of Russia’s Food Still Comes From Small, Family Gardens. returntonow.net, February 13. https://returntonow.net/2020/02/13/nearly-40-of-russias-food-comes-from-small-family-gardens/
50. Barbara Harwood 2010, op. cit.
Recommended book about water: Alick Bartholomew 2010. The Spiritual Life of Water: Its Power and Purpose. South Paris, ME: Park Street Press.
51. FAO 2018. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf
52. D. Pauly and D. Zeller 2016. Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nat. Commun. 7:10244. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10244
53. Marc Bekoff 2014. Fish Are Sentient and Emotional Beings and Clearly Feel Pain. psychologytoday.com, June 19. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/animal-emotions/201406/fish-are-sentient-and-emotional-beings-and-clearly-feel-pain
54. Carl Safina 2018. Are we wrong to assume fish can’t feel pain? theguardian.com, 30 October. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/oct/30/are-we-wrong-to-assume-fish-cant-feel-pain
55. ISAAA 2018. Biotech Country, Facts and Trends: Brazil (2017). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_country_facts_and_trends/download/Facts%20and%20Trends%20-%20Brazil.pdf
56. Nicolai Kwasniewski 2018. Wie der Urwald für deutsches Fleisch gerodet wird. spiegel.de, 26.03. https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/sojaanbau-in-suedamerika-entwaldung-fuer-deutsches-tierfutter-a-1199151.html
57. FAO. How to Feed the World in 2050. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
58. Quoted in: Arthur Neslen 2018. European parliament approves curbs on use of antibiotics on farm animals. theguardian.com, 25 October. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/oct/25/european-parliament-approves-curbs-on-use-of-antibiotics-on-farm-animals

 

Chapter 13: Energy and “Progress”


1. Rob Mielcarski 2015. un-Denial Manifesto: Energy and Denial. un-Denial, November 12. https://un-denial.com/2015/11/12/undenial-manifesto-energy-and-denial/
2. William E. Rees 2014. Why Degrowth? 2014 Degrowth Event Series, Vancouver BC, April 16, 2014. resilience.org, April 24, 2014. Min 10.09. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-04-24/why-degrowth/
3. Michael Novack quote: personal communications, Ecocentric Alliance.
4. All Gorz quotes: André Gorz 1983 [1980]. Ecology as Politics. London: Pluto Press. 7-13.
5. Ivan Illich, quoted in Gorz 1983, op. cit. 7-8.
6. John Harris 2018. ‘We’ll have space bots with lasers, killing plants’: the rise of the robot farmer. theguardian.com, 20 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/20/space-robots-lasers-rise-robot-farmer
7. Xiaowei Wang 2020. Behind China’s ‘pork miracle’: how technology is transforming rural hog farming. theguardian.com, 8 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/08/behind-chinas-pork-miracle-how-technology-is-transforming-rural-hog-farming
8. Daniela Siebert 2018. Studie zur Digitalisierung der Landwirtschaft. DLF Umwelt & Verbraucher, 10.10.
9. Duncan Clark and Mike Berners-Lee 2010. What’s the carbon footprint of … the internet? theguardian.com, 12 August. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/aug/12/carbon-footprint-internet
10. Climate Home News 2017. ‘Tsunami of data’ could consume one fifth of global electricity by 2025. theguardian.com, 11 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/11/tsunami-of-data-could-consume-fifth-global-electricity-by-2025
11. Christopher Helman 2016. Berkeley Lab: It Takes 70 Billion Kilowatt Hours A Year To Run The Internet. forbes.com, June 28. https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2016/06/28/how-much-electricity-does-it-take-to-run-the-internet/#32572a4e1fff
12. Climate Home News 2017, op. cit.
13. Susanne Köhler, Massimo Pizzol 2019. Life Cycle Assessment of Bitcoin Mining. Environmental Science & Technology 53 (23): 13598–13606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31746188/
14. Chris Baraniuk 2019. Bitcoin’s global energy use ‘equals Switzerland’. BBC News, 3 July. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48853230
15. Camilo Mora, et al. 2018. Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C. Nature Climate Change 8 (11): 931-933. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Bitcoin-emissions-alone-could-push-global-warming-Mora-Rollins/2014c54382134b83a5a5c2e8ee00e43748f0cef1
16. Susanne Köhler, Massimo Pizzol 2019, op. cit.
17. Christian Stoll, et al. 2019. The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin. Joule 3 (7): 1647-1661. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435119302557
18. Jeremy Rifkin 2019. The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
19. Jillian Ambrose 2020. Oil prices dip below zero as producers forced to pay to dispose of excess. theguardian.com, 20 April. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/20/oil-prices-sink-to-20-year-low-as-un-sounds-alarm-on-to-covid-19-relief-fund
20. Yves Smith 2020. With Bankruptcies Mounting, Faltering Oil and Gas Firms Are Leaving a Multi-Billion Dollar Cleanup Bill to the Public. nakedcapitalism.com, October 18. https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2020/10/with-bankruptcies-mounting-faltering-oil-and-gas-firms-are-leaving-a-multi-billion-dollar-cleanup-bill-to-the-public.html
Pippa Stevens 2020. Shale industry will be rocked by $300 billion in losses and a wave of bankruptcies, Deloitte says. cnbc.com, June 22. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/22/shale-industry-will-be-rocked-by-300-billion-in-losses-and-a-wave-of-bankruptcies-deloitte-says.html
21. Max Wakefield 2020. Let’s enjoy some good climate news: the block on UK onshore wind farms is no more. theguardian.com, 3 March. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/03/climate-uk-wind-farms-onshore-wind-clean-energy
22. Adam Morton 2020. Wind and solar plants will soon be cheaper than coal in all big markets around world, analysis finds. theguardian.com, 12 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/12/wind-and-solar-plants-will-soon-be-cheaper-than-coal-in-all-big-markets-around-world-analysis-finds
23. Key World Energy Statistics 2020. Statistics report — August 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics-2020
24. Southern Environmental Law Center 2019. Fact Sheet: New Report Shows Wood Pellets from Drax’s U.S. Mills Increase Carbon Emissions During the Timeframe Necessary to Address Climate Change. https://www.southernenvironment.org/uploads/publications/2019-08-08_FINAL_Biomass_Factsheet_Drax_SIG_Report_Updated1.PDF
25. Stand.Earth 2020. Risky business: Canada props up wood pellet export as a false climate solution. April 23. https://www.stand.earth/latest/forest-conservation/primary-forests/risky-business-canada-props-wood-pellet-export-false
26. Prof. John Beddington, et al. 2017. EU must not burn the world’s forests for ‘renewable’ energy. Letters, theguardian.com, 14 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/14/eu-must-not-burn-the-worlds-forests-for-renewable-energy
27. Partnership for Policy Integrity 2018. Letter from scientists to the EU Parliament regarding forest biomass (updated January 14, 2018). https://www.pfpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/UPDATE-800-signatures_Scientist-Letter-on-EU-Forest-Biomass.pdf
28. Matt Hongoltz-Hetling 2020. US demand for clean energy destroying Canada’s environment, indigenous peoples say. theguardian.com, 22 June. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/22/us-clean-energy-demand-destroying-canadian-environment-indigenous-peoples-say
29. The best possible introduction to Degrowth (also available on YouTube): William E. Rees 2014. Why Degrowth? 2014 Degrowth Event Series, Vancouver BC, April 16, 2014. resilience.org, April 24. Min 6.16. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-04-24/why-degrowth/
30. All quotes in the Degrowth section from: William E. Rees 2020. Ecological economics for humanity’s plague phase. Ecological Economics volume 169, March, 106519. https://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EE-Rees-2020.pdf
31. All quotes in this paragraph: William E. Rees 2020, op. cit.
32. The Guardian, Letters 2018. The EU needs a stability and wellbeing pact, not more growth. theguardian.com, 16 September. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/16/the-eu-needs-a-stability-and-wellbeing-pact-not-more-growth
33. WeMove 2018. Europe, It’s Time to End the Growth Dependency. https://you.wemove.eu/campaigns/europe-it-s-time-to-end-the-growth-dependency
34. Statista. Number of smartphone users worldwide from 2014 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/
35. André Gorz 1983, op. cit. 69-74.
36. John Harris 2018. Our phones and gadgets are now endangering the planet. theguardian.com, 17 July. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/17/internet-climate-carbon-footprint-data-centres
37. Carbon Tracker 2020. Coal developers risk $600 billion as renewables outcompete worldwide. carbontracker.org, 12 March. https://carbontracker.org/coal-developers-risk-600-billion-as-renewables-outcompete-worldwide/
38. MP Mills 2019. The New Energy Economy: An Exercise in Magical Thinking. Manhattan Institute. https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/R-0319-MM.pdf
39. BP 2019. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. British Petroleum, June 2019. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf (Accessed 28 October 2020).
40. Jillian Ambrose and Niko Kommenda 2020. Britain breaks record for coal-free power generation. theguardian.com, 28 April. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/28/britain-breaks-record-for-coal-free-power-generation
41. Jillian Ambrose 2020. UK electricity coal free for first month ever. theguardian.com, 2 June. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jun/02/uk-electricity-coal-free-for-first-month-ever

 

Chapter 14: Climate Disruption


1. Guterres at the launch of the WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate 2019, quoted in Damian Carrington 2020b. Climate emergency: global action is ‘way off track’ says UN head. theguardian.com, 10 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/10/climate-emergency-global-action-way-off-track-says-un-head-coronavirus
2. Zeke Hausfather 2020. State of the climate: 2020 on course to be warmest year on record. State of the Climate, Carbon Brief, 23.10. https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-2020-on-course-to-be-warmest-year-on-record
3. Damian Carrington 2020b, op. cit.
4. John Vidal and Adam Vaughan 2012. Arctic sea ice shrinks to smallest extent ever recorded. 14 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/14/arctic-sea-ice-smallest-extent
5. Tim Flannery 2018. The Big Melt. The New York Review of Books, August 16. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/08/16/arctic-big-melt/
6. Craig Welch 2018. Exclusive: Some Arctic Ground No Longer Freezing—Even in Winter. National Geographic, August 20. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/08/news-arctic-permafrost-may-thaw-faster-than-expected/
7. Damian Carrington 2020b, op. cit.
8. Damian Carrington 2020c. Polar ice caps melting six times faster than in 1990s. theguardian.com, 11 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/11/polar-ice-caps-melting-six-times-faster-than-in-1990s
9. Ingo Sasgen, et al. 2020. Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites. Communications Earth & Environment volume 1: 8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-0010-1
10. Antje Boetius (interview by Christoph Seidler) 2019. Die wahren Herrscher der Welt. spiegel.de, 25.06. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/antje-boetius-meeresforscherin-ueber-mikroben-und-klimawandel-a-1274093.html
11. Damian Carrington 2020a. Climate emergency: 2019 was second hottest year on record. theguardian.com, 15 January. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/15/climate-emergency-2019-was-second-hottest-year-on-record
12. Andrea Thompson 2020. Heat and Humidity Are Already Reaching the Limits of Human Tolerance. scientificamerican.com, May 8. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heat-and-humidity-are-already-reaching-the-limits-of-human-tolerance/
13. Chi Xu, Timothy A. Kohler, Timothy M. Lenton, Jens-Christian Svenning, and Marten Scheffer 2020. Future of the human climate niche. PNAS, May 26, 117 (21) 11350-11355; first published May 4, 2020. https://www.pnas.org/content/117/21/11350
14. Lisa Cox 2018. Australia heatwave to break Christmas weather records with temperatures up to 47C forecast. theguardian.com, 24 December. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/dec/24/christmas-day-heatwave-weather-records-temperatures-forecast-heat-wave-australia-sydney-melbourne-adelaide
15. The World 2020. 1 billion animals have died in Australian bushfires, ecologist estimates. pri.org, January 07. https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-01-07/1-billion-animals-have-died-australian-bushfires-ecologist-estimates
Also: The University of Sidney 2020. More than one billion animals killed in Australian bushfires. sydney.edu.au, 8 January. https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2020/01/08/australian-bushfires-more-than-one-billion-animals-impacted.html
16. Joëlle Gergis 2020. We are seeing the very worst of our scientific predictions come to pass in these bushfires. theguardian.com, 3 January. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/03/we-are-seeing-the-very-worst-of-our-scientific-predictions-come-to-pass-in-these-bushfires
17. Reuters 2020. Fires in Amazon forest rose 30% in 2019. uk.reuters.com, January 9. https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-amazon-fires/fires-in-amazon-forest-rose-30-in-2019-idUKKBN1Z804V
18. Reuters in Brasîlia 2020. Brazil’s Amazon rainforest suffers worst fires in a decade. theguardian.com, 1 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/01/brazil-amazon-rainforest-worst-fires-in-decade
19. Uki Goñi, Sam Cowie, William Costa 2020. ‘Total destruction’: why fires are tearing across South America. theguardian.com, 9 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/09/a-continent-ablaze-why-fires-are-tearing-across-south-america
20. Sarah Kaplan 2018. How humans have made wildfires worse. washingtonpost.com, August 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/amp-stories/humans-have-made-wildfires-worse-heres-how/?noredirect=on+
21. Oliver Milman, Vivian Ho 2020. California wildfires spawn first ‘gigafire’ in modern history. theguardian.com, 6 October. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/06/california-wildfires-gigafire-first
22. Maanvi Singh 2020. ‘Unprecedented’: the US west’s wildfire catastrophe explained. theguardian.com, 12 September. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/12/california-oregon-washington-fires-explained-climate-change
23. Andrew Ciavarella, et al. 2020. Siberian heatwave of 2020 almost impossible without climate change. worldweatherattribution.org, 15 July. https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/siberian-heatwave-of-2020-almost-impossible-without-climate-change/
24. Zicheng Yu, et al. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters volume 37, L13402, 9 July. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230734743_Global_peatland_dynamics_since_the_Last_Glacial_Maximum
25. Richard Stone 2020. Siberia’s ‘gateway to the underworld’ grows as record heat wave thaws permafrost. sciencemag.org, July 28. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/siberia-s-gateway-underworld-grows-record-heat-wave-thaws-permafrost
26. Antonio Cascais 2019. Amazon versus Africa forest fires: Is the world really ablaze? DW, 30 August. https://p.dw.com/p/3Ol05
27. Andrew J. Dowdy 2018. Climatological Variability of Fire Weather in Australia. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., (2018) 57 (2): 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0167.1
YouTube: “Nerilie Abram 2020. Animated history of rainfall and maximum temperature across southern Australia since 1910”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okmjuh0pNCU
28. Nerilie J. Abram, Robert Mulvaney, et al. 2014. Evolution of the Southern Annular Mode during the past millennium. Nature Climate Change 4, 564-569 (2014). https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2235
29. Giovanni Di Virgilio, Jason P. Evans, et al. 2019. Climate Change Increases the Potential for Extreme Wildfires. Geophysical Research Letters volume 46, issue 14, 28 July 2019, 8517-8526. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083699
Andrew J. Dowdy, Hua Ye, Acacia Pepler, et al. 2019. Future changes in extreme weather and pyroconvection risk factors for Australian wildfires. Scientific Reports 9:10073. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46362-x
30. Graham Readfearn 2020. Explainer: what are the underlying causes of Australia’s shocking bushfire season? theguardian.com, 12 January. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/13/explainer-what-are-the-underlying-causes-of-australias-shocking-bushfire-season
31. Scott L. Stephens, Robert E. Martin, Nicholas E. Clinton 2007. Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California’s forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands. Science Direct, Forest Ecology and Management. https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/FireForestEcology/FireScienceResearch/FireHistory/FireHistory-Stephens07.pdf
32. Sarah Kaplan 2018, op. cit.
33. CAL FIRE 2020. https://www.fire.ca.gov/
34. Andrew Ciavarella, et al. 2020, op. cit.
35. Damian Carrington 2018. ‘Brutal news’: global carbon emissions jump to all-time high in 2018. theguardian.com, 5 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/05/brutal-news-global-carbon-emissions-jump-to-all-time-high-in-2018
36. Zeke Hausfather 2019. Analysis: Global fossil-fuel emissions up 0.6% in 2019 due to China. Carbon Brief, 4 December. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-global-fossil-fuel-emissions-up-zero-point-six-per-cent-in-2019-due-to-china
37. Yangyang Xu, Veerabhadran Ramanathan and David G. Victor 2018. Global warming will happen faster than we think. Nature volume 564, 30-32, 6 December. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07586-5
38. Sandy Irvine 2020. Covid-19 and a chance for sustainability. Sandy Irvine’s green blog, March 31. https://sandyirvineblog.wordpress.com/2020/03/31/covid-19-and-a-chance-for-sustainability/
39. Damian Carrington 2020. Fifth of countries at risk of ecosystem collapse, analysis finds. theguardian.com, 12 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/12/fifth-of-nations-at-risk-of-ecosystem-collapse-analysis-finds
40. Migration Data Portal 2020. Environmental Migration. https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/environmental_migration
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42. Franta 2018, op. cit.
43. Franta 2018, op. cit.
44. Syukuro Manabe 1970. The Dependence of Atmospheric Temperature on the Concentration of Carbon Dioxide. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-3290-2_4
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Also: Banerjee, et al. 2015, op. cit.; Marco Evers 2018, op. cit.
46. InfluenceMap 2016. An investor enquiry: how much big oil spends on climate lobbying. InfluenceMap, April. https://influencemap.org/report/Climate-Lobbying-by-the-Fossil-Fuel-Sector
47. Inside Climate News: https://insideclimatenews.org/
Also check for updates at Climate Files. https://www.climatefiles.com/
48. Inside Climate News. https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/insideclimate-news
49. Benjamin Franta 2018, op. cit.
50. Katherine Bagley 2015. 350,000 Sign Petition Asking for Federal Probe of Exxon. Inside Climate News, November 19. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19112015/petition-exxon-mobil-climate-change-federal-probe-attorney-general
51. Gordon MacDonald’s How to Wreck the Environment. In Nathaniel Rich 2018. Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change. nytimes.com, August 1. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html#epilogue
52. Dana Nuccitelli 2013. Survey finds 97% of climate science papers agree warming is man-made. theguardian.com, 16 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2013/may/16/climate-change-scienceofclimatechange
53. Chris Mooney and Brady Dennis 2018. The world has just over a decade to get climate change under control, U.N. scientists say. washingtonpost.com, October 7. https://www.washingtonpost.com/energy-environment/2018/10/08/world-has-only-years-get-climate-change-under-control-un-scientists-say/?utm_term=.7ee5b97a25df
54. For example, Germany: Christoph Seidler 2018. Die Welt gerät aus den Fugen – fragt sich nur, wie sehr. spiegel.de, 08.10. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/klimawandel-ipcc-bericht-zum-1-5-grad-ziel-vorgestellt-a-1231805.html
55. 207 environmental defenders have been killed in 2017 while protecting their community’s land or natural resources. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2017/jul/13/the-defenders-tracker
Also: Jonathan Watts 2018. Almost four environmental defenders a week killed in 2017. theguardian.com, 2 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/02/almost-four-environmental-defenders-a-week-killed-in-2017
Also: Mary Colwell 2018. The bloody truth about conservation: we need to talk about killing. theguardian.com, 28 May. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/28/conservation-killing-predator-control-protect-wild-species
Also: Jonathan Watts and John Vidal 2017. Environmental defenders being killed in record numbers globally, new research reveals. theguardian.com, 13 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/13/environmental-defenders-being-killed-in-record-numbers-globally-new-research-reveals
56. Naomi Klein 2019. On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal. Allen Lane. 70.
57. Suzanne Goldenberg 2013. Climate research nearly unanimous on human causes, survey finds. theguardian.com, 16 May. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/may/16/climate-research-nearly-unanimous-humans-causes
58. The Consensus Project. theconsensusproject.com
The Guardian has a category called “the 97%”: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent
59. Skeptical Science. https://skepticalscience.com/graphics.php?c=6
60. Daily CO2. https://www.co2.earth/daily-co2
61. Quoted in Damian Carrington 2019. Climate-heating greenhouse gases hit new high, UN reports. theguardian.com, 25 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/25/climate-heating-greenhouse-gases-hit-new-high-un-reports
62. Union of Concerned Scientists: https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming#.XDHwxYW9Bjc
Recommended: WJ Ripple, C. Wolf, TM Newsome, et al., and 15,364 scientist signatories from 184 countries, 2017. World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice. BioScience Volume 67, Issue 12, December, 1026-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix125
63. A lot of suggestions are featured in Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker, Anders Wijkman, et al. 2018. Come On! Capitalism, Short-termism, Population and the Destruction of the Planet. A Report to the Club of Rome. New York: Springer.
64. – US traffic emissions: Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions
– UK traffic emissions: Josh Gabbatiss 2018. Transport becomes most polluting UK sector as greenhouse gas emissions drop overall. independent.co.uk, 06 February. https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/air-pollution-uk-transport-most-polluting-sector-greenhouse-gas-emissions-drop-carbon-dioxide-a8196866.html
65. B. Lugschitz, M. Bruckner and S. Giljum 2011. Europe’s global land demand. A study on the actual land embodied in European imports and exports of agricultural and forestry products. Vienna: Sustainable Europe Research Institute. https://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/europe_global_land_demand_oct111.pdf
66. World Resources Institute. World Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2016. https://files.wri.org/s3fs-public/world-flowchart.jpg (Accessed 23 October 2020)
67. Frances Seymour and Jonah Busch. Why Forests? Why Now? The Science, Economics, and Politics of Tropical Forests and Climate Change. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. 40. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/Seymour-Busch-why-forests-why-now-full-book.PDF
68. UNEP 2017. The Emissions Gap Report 2017. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi. xiv. https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2017
69. FAO 2016. The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf
70. Tim Flannery 2011. Here on Earth – A Twin Biography of the Planet and the Human Race. London/New York/Toronto: Penguin. 260, 263.
71. Recommended: Damian Carrington 2018. Global food system is broken, say world’s science academies. theguardian.com, 28 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/28/global-food-system-is-broken-say-worlds-science-academies
72. J. Poore, T. Nemecek 2018. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 01 June 2018: Vol. 360, Issue 6392, 987-992. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6392/987
73. Helen Harwatt 2018. Including animal to plant protein shifts in climate change mitigation policy: a proposed three-step strategy. Climate Policy. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2018.1528965
74. Maneka Gandhi 1990. Save the Trees, Don’t Eat Meat. The Illustrated Weekly of India, 11.11.1990.
75. FAO. By the numbers: GHG emissions by livestock. FAO Key facts and findings. (Accessed 28 October 2020). After: FAO 2013. Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock: A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/a-i3437e.pdf
76. IMO 2015. Third IMO GHG Study 2014: Executive Summary and Final Report. https://gmn.imo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/GHG3-Executive-Summary-and-Report_web.pdf
77. David Pimentel and Marcia Pimentel 1979. Food, Energy, and Society (Resource and Environmental Sciences Series). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
78. Helen Harwatt, William J. Ripple, et al. 2019. Scientists call for renewed Paris pledges to transform agriculture. The Lancet – Planetary Health, December 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30245-1
79. Rebecca Smithers 2018. Third of Britons have stopped or reduced eating meat – report. theguardian.com, 1 November. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/nov/01/third-of-britons-have-stopped-or-reduced-meat-eating-vegan-vegetarian-report
80. Cornelia Rumpel 2018. Put more carbon in soils to meet Paris climate pledges. Nature volume 564, 32-34, 6 December. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07586-5
81. Charles Eisenstein 2015. We need regenerative farming, not geoengineering. theguardian.com, 9 March. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/mar/09/we-need-regenerative-farming-not-geoengineering
82. John Vidal 2008. True scale of CO2 emissions from shipping revealed. theguardian.com, 13 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/13/climatechange.pollution
83. – 2.6%: IMO 2015. Third IMO GHG Study 2014: Executive Summary and Final Report. https://gmn.imo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/GHG3-Executive-Summary-and-Report_web.pdf
– 3%: Rahul Mudliar 2020. UN and Global banks focusing on green shipping to cap Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Global Shipping. SG Analytics, January 2. https://us.sganalytics.com/blog/un-and-global-banks-focusing-on-green-shipping-to-cap-carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-global-shipping/
84. John Vidal 2009. Health risks of shipping pollution have been ‘underestimated’. theguardian.com, 9 April. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/09/shipping-pollution
85. Mike Scott 2014. Sustainable shipping is making waves. theguardian.com, 1 August. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/aug/01/sustainable-shipping-is-making-waves
86. UCAR NCAR 2015. https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds540.0/docs/ICOADS2.5-HD_Brohan2015.mp4
87. Faig Abbasov 2019. One corporation to pollute them all. transportenvironment.org, June 4. https://www.transportenvironment.org/publications/one-corporation-pollute-them-all
88. Mark Matousek 2019. Carnival reportedly dumped over 500,000 gallons of sewage and 11,000 gallons of food waste improperly in the year after it admitted to illegally releasing oil into the ocean. businessinsider.com, April 17. https://www.businessinsider.com/carnival-cruise-ships-dumped-sewage-waste-into-ocean-report-2019-4?r=US&IR=T
89. Friends of the Earth 2019. Cruise Ships. https://foe.org/projects/cruise-ships/
90. Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA). 2019. Cruise Trends & Industry Outlook. https://cruising.org/news-and-research/-/media/CLIA/Research/CLIA-2019-State-of-the-Industry.pdf
91. ibid.
92. Annelies Wilder-Smith, Professor of Emerging Infectious Diseases at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in: Alice Hancock 2020. ‘Floating Petri dishes’: The 2020s were meant to be a boom decade for cruises—then COVID-19 hit them like a tidal wave. Financial Times, June 10. https://financialpost.com/financial-times/the-2020s-were-meant-to-be-a-boom-decade-for-cruises-then-covid-19-hit-them-like-a-tidal-wave
93. taz 2012. Steckdose für Kreuzfahrtschiffe. taz.de, 9.8.2012. https://taz.de/Landstrom-gegen-Luftverschmutzung/!5086832/
94. German test in: auto motor sport 2020. Öko oder Mogelpackung? 7 Fragen zum Plug-In-Hybrid – Bloch erklärt #86. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUndRlDzmZ8
95. planet e 2018. Der wahre Preis der Elektroautos. ZDF, 09.09.2018. https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/planet-e/planet-e-der-wahre-preis-der-elektroautos-100.html
Also: Dirk Blijweert 2018. Scientists reveal the hidden costs of cobalt mining in DR Congo. phys.org, September 21. https://phys.org/news/2018-09-scientists-reveal-hidden-cobalt-dr.html
96. Sandy Irvine’s green blog. https://sandyirvineblog.wordpress.com
97. Adam Vaughan 2018. Use excess wind and solar power to produce hydrogen – report. theguardian.com, 9 May 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/09/use-excess-wind-and-solar-power-to-produce-hydrogen-report
98. Recommended: Jonah M. Kessel, Hiroko Tabuchi 2019. Texas Methane Super Emitters. nytimes.com, December 12, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/12/climate/texas-methane-super-emitters.html
99. Damian Carrington 2019. Climate-heating greenhouse gases hit new high, UN reports. theguardian.com, 25 November 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/25/climate-heating-greenhouse-gases-hit-new-high-un-reports
100. Benjamin Hmiel, et al. 2020. Preindustrial 14CH4 indicates greater anthropogenic fossil CH4 emissions. Nature volume 578, 409-412 (2020). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-1991-8
101. Ramón A. Alvarez, et al. 2018. Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science, 13 July 2018, Vol. 361, Issue 6398, 186-188. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6398/186
102. RB Jackson, et al. 2020. Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources. Environmental Research Letters volume 15, No. 7. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2
Also: Marielle Saunois, et al. 2020. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 1561-1623. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020
103. Will Steffen, et al. 2018. Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS, August 14, 2018 115 (33) 8252-8259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115
104. Tim Lenton quoted in Damian Carrington 2019. Climate emergency: world ‘may have crossed tipping points’. theguardian.com, 27 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/27/climate-emergency-world-may-have-crossed-tipping-points
105. L. Beaufort, et al. 2011. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476 (7358): 80-3. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10295#ref8
106. Simon L. Lewis, et al. 2011. The 2010 Amazon Drought. Science, 04 February, Vol. 331, Issue 6017, 554. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6017/554
Fiona Harvey 2020. Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds. theguardian.com, 4 March. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/04/tropical-forests-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-carbon-study-finds
107. Carlos Nobre, a climate scientist at the University of São Paolo in Brazil, in Quirin Schiermeier 2019. Eat less meat: UN climate-change report calls for change to human diet. Nature 572, 291-292 (2019), 08 August 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02409-7
108. Timothy M. Lenton, et al. 2020. Climate tipping points — too risky to bet against. 27 November 2019, Correction 09 April 2020. Nature volume 575, 592-595. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-019-03595-0/d41586-019-03595-0.pdf
109. Gregory S. Cooper, Simon Willcock & John A. Dearing 2020. Regime shifts occur disproportionately faster in larger ecosystems. Nature Communications volume 11, Article 1175. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15029-x
110. Asshoff, et al. 2006. Growth and phenology of mature temperate forest trees in elevated CO2. Global Change Biology 12, 848-861. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.4241&rep=rep1&type=pdf
111. Dahr Jamail 2018. How Feedback Loops Are Driving Runaway Climate Change. Truthout, October 1. https://truthout.org/articles/how-feedback-loops-are-driving-runaway-climate-change/
112. Damian Carrington 2018. Avoid Gulf stream disruption at all costs, scientists warn. theguardian.com, 13 April. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/13/avoid-at-all-costs-gulf-streams-record-weakening-prompts-warnings-global-warming
113. ME Mann, et al. 2017. Influence of anthropogenic climate change on planetary wave resonance and extreme weather events. Scientific Reports 7, 27 March. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45242
Also: D. Coumou, et al. 2018. The influence of arctic amplification on mid-latitude summer circulation. Nature Communications 9, 20 August. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05256-8
114. ME Mann, et al. 2018. Projected changes in persistent extreme summer weather events: The role of quasi-resonant amplification. Science Advances 4, no. 10, 31 October. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/10/eaat3272
115. Natalia Shakhova, et al. 2017. Current rates and mechanisms of subsea permafrost degradation in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Nature Communications 8, 15872. 22 June. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15872
Also: N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, I. Leifer, A. Salyuk, P. Rekant, D. Kosmach 2010. Geochemical and geophysical evidence of methane release over the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research, 07 August. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005602
116. Natalia Shakhova 2012. Interview at the European Geophysical Union in Vienna, 2012. On YouTube: “Methane Hydrates – Extended Interview Extracts With Natalia Shakhova”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx1Jxk6kjbQ
117. European Parliament News 2020. COVID-19: MEPs call for massive recovery package and Coronavirus Solidarity Fund. Press Release, 17-04-2020. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200415IPR77109/covid-19-meps-call-for-massive-recovery-package-and-coronavirus-solidarity-fund
118. Stan Cox 2020. Fair Enough. resilience.org, May 4, 2020. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-05-04/fair-enough/
119. Cornelia Rumpel 2018. Put more carbon in soils to meet Paris climate pledges. Nature volume 564, 32-34, 6 December 2018. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07587-4
120. Dominic Bliss 2020. Universal Basic Income is gathering support. Has it ever worked – and could it work in the UK? nationalgeographic.co.uk, 20 May. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2020/05/universal-basic-income-is-gathering-support-has-it-ever-worked-and
121. For example: Jeremy Rifkin 2019. The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
122. UN Sustainable Development Goals: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs
123. UN Sustainable Development Goals 2020. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
124. Gilbert Rist 2019. The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith. London: Zedbooks. 3.
125. Rist 2019, op. cit. 6.
126. ibid.
127. World Commission on Environment and Development 1988. Our Common Future, with an introduction by Gro Harlem Brundtland. London: Fontana Books.
128. Our Common Future, pp. 6, xii; quoted in Rist 2019, 183.
129. Rist 2019, op. cit. 194.
130. NASA Global Climate Change 2018. Global Temperature. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/
131. Oliver Milman 2018b. Climate change ‘will inflict substantial damages on US lives’. theguardian.com, 23 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/23/climate-change-america-us-government-report
Also: Oliver Milman 2018c: World ‘nowhere near on track’ to avoid warming beyond 1.5C target. theguardian.com, 27 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/26/global-warming-climate-change-targets-un-report
132. Joachim Müller-Jung und Christian Schwägerl 2018. “Klimaschutz ist kein Wunschkonzert”. faz.net, 01. Okt. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/erde-klima/1-5-grad-bericht-des-weltklimarats-klimaschutz-ist-kein-wunschkonzert-15814681.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_0
133. State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Geological & Geophysical Surveys 2020. Barry Arm Landslide and Tsunami Hazard. https://dggs.alaska.gov/hazards/barry-arm-landslide.html
134. Neela Banerjee, Lisa Song and David Hasemyer 2015. Exxon’s Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels’ Role in Global Warming Decades Ago. ICN, September 15. https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/insideclimate-news
135. Banerjee, et al. 2015, op. cit.
136. See the opening sequence in the Jeff Gibbs and Michael Moore documentary Planet of the Humans. https://planetofthehumans.com
137. Justin Farrell 2015. Corporate funding and ideological polarization about climate change. PNAS, November 23, referring to a Harvard study. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509433112
138. Dana Nuccitelli 2015. Two-faced Exxon: the misinformation campaign against its own scientists. theguardian.com, 25 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/nov/25/two-faced-exxon-the-misinformation-campaign-against-its-own-scientists
139. InfluenceMap 2016, op. cit.
Further reading about Exxon’s climate PR: Geoffrey Supran and Naomi Oreskes 2017. What Exxon Mobil Didn’t Say About Climate Change. nytimes.com, August 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/22/opinion/exxon-climate-change-.html?mcubz=0
140. Dana Nuccitelli 2015, op. cit.
Also: Suzanne Goldenberg 2015. Work of prominent climate change denier was funded by energy industry. theguardian.com, 21 February. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/feb/21/climate-change-denier-willie-soon-funded-energy-industry
141. Suzanne Goldenberg and Helena Bengtsson 2016. Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change. theguardian.com, 13 June. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/13/peabody-energy-coal-mining-climate-change-denial-funding
Lee Fang 2015. Attorney Hounding Climate Scientists Is Covertly Funded By Coal Industry. The Intercept, August 25. https://theintercept.com/2015/08/25/chris-horner-coal/
142. Climate-denial extremists such as Richard Lindzen, Willie Soon, Richard Berman, and Roy Spencer. In: Suzanne Goldenberg and Helena Bengtsson 2016, op. cit.
143. Lee Fang 2015, op. cit.
144. Bagley 2015, op. cit.
145. Dana Nuccitelli 2015, op. cit.
146. John H. Cushman Jr. 2018, op. cit.
147. InfluenceMap 2016. An investor enquiry: how much big oil spends on climate lobbying. InfluenceMap, April 2016. https://influencemap.org/report/Climate-Lobbying-by-the-Fossil-Fuel-Sector
148. David Hasemyer 2018. Fossil Fuels on Trial: Where the Major Climate Change Lawsuits Stand Today. ICN, November 6. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04042018/climate-change-fossil-fuel-company-lawsuits-timeline-exxon-children-california-cities-attorney-general
149. Georg Ehring 2018. Klagen für mehr Klimaschutz: Weltweit immer mehr Gerichtsverfahren. DLF, Umwelt & Verbraucher, 6.12.
150. Dana Nuccitelli 2015, op. cit. Referring to Bill McKibben 2015. Imagine if Exxon had told the truth on climate change. theguardian.com, 28 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/28/imagine-if-exxon-had-told-the-truth-on-climate-change
151. Nathaniel Rich 2018, op. cit.
152. ibid.
153. Dana Nuccitelli 2013, op. cit.
154. CBS 2018. Sexual assault victims confront Jeff Flake over support for Kavanaugh – video. theguardian.com, 28 September. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2018/sep/28/sexual-assault-victims-confront-jeff-flake-over-support-for-kavanaugh-video
155. Juliet Eilperin, Brady Dennis, and Chris Mooney 2018. Trump administration sees a 7-degree rise in global temperatures by 2100. The Washington Post, September 28. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-administration-sees-a-7-degree-rise-in-global-temperatures-by-2100/2018/09/27/b9c6fada-bb45-11e8-bdc0-90f81cc58c5d_story.html
156. Coral Davenport and Kendra Pierre-Louis 2018. U.S. Climate Report Warns of Damaged Environment and Shrinking Economy. nytimes.com, November 23. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/23/climate/us-climate-report.html
157. JISAO 2017. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). February. https://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/
Also: Benjamin D. Santer, et al. 2014. Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature. Nature Geoscience volume 7, 185-189, 23 February. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2098
Also: Matthew H. England, et al. 2014. Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nature Climate Change volume 4, 222-227, 23 February. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2106
158. Sarah McFarlane and Jonathan Saul 2014. Food importers shift from dry bulk cargo ships to containers. in.reuters.com, February 14. https://in.reuters.com/article/agri-container/food-importers-shift-from-dry-bulk-cargo-ships-to-containers-idINL5N0LF3MZ20140214
159. John Vidal 2008, op. cit.
160. Brandon Graver, Kevin Zhang, Dan Rutherford 2018. CO2 emissions from commercial aviation, 2018. The International Council on Clean Transportation, September 2019. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_CO2-commercl-aviation-2018_20190918.pdf
161. IMO International Maritime Organization 2014. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/GHG-Emissions.aspx
162. The International Maritime Organisation’s MARPOL Annex VI regulation, which reduces sulphur emissions in key Emission Control Areas (ECAs): the North Sea, Baltic Sea, most of the US and Canadian coastline, and the US Caribbean. https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx
163. BBC World Service 2017. Big Polluters: Ships v Cars. 2 October. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cstyfd
164. John Vidal 2009, op. cit.
165. Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA). 2019, op. cit.
166. B. Wolber, A. Papathanassis, M. Vogel 2012. The Business and Management of Ocean Cruises. CABI.
167. Prof. D. Koehler 2018: (German radio interview by) Stefan Michel 2018. Gefährlichkeit von Stickstoffdioxid bleibt umstritten. DLF, Umwelt & Verbraucher, 14.12. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/streit-um-no2-grenzwert-gefaehrlichkeit-von.697.de.html?dram:article_id=435947
168. Shakuntala Makhijani 2014. Fossil fuel exploration subsidies: United States. odi.org, November. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9249.pdf
169. Shakuntala Makhijani 2014. Fossil fuel exploration subsidies: United Kingdom. odi.org, November. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9245.pdf
170. ibid. 70-72.

 

 

Part III: The Human Interface


1. Tijjani Muhammad-Bande 2020. UN International Mother Earth Day 22 April Message. https://www.un.org/en/observances/earth-day/message

 

Chapter 15: Why Does So Little Happen, and So Slowly?


1. Wade Davis 2018. On Ecological Amnesia. The Tyee, 8 November. https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2018/11/08/On-Ecological-Amnesia/
2. Haydn Washington and Helen Kopnina 2018. The insanity of endless growth. The Ecological Citizen 2: 57-63.
3. – James Randerson 2006. World’s richest 1% own 40% of all wealth, UN report discovers. theguardian.com, 6 December. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/dec/06/business.internationalnews
– OXFAM International 2018. Richest 1 percent bagged 82 percent of wealth created last year – poorest half of humanity got nothing. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2018-01-22/richest-1-percent-bagged-82-percent-wealth-created-last-year
– Graeme Wearden 2014. Oxfam: 85 richest people as wealthy as poorest half of the world. theguardian.com, 20 January. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/20/oxfam-85-richest-people-half-of-the-world
– OXFAM International 2017. Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-01-16/just-8-men-own-same-wealth-half-world
4. Washington and Kopnina 2018, op. cit.
5. Jameson quote: “It seems to be easier for us today to imagine the thoroughgoing deterioration of the earth and of nature than the breakdown of late capitalism.” Fredric Jameson 1994. The Seeds of Time. Columbia University Press.
6. Georg Diez 2018. Unser Lebensstil muss verhandelbar sein. spon, 12.08. https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/kapitalismus-und-klimawandel-muessen-zusammengedacht-werden-kolumne-a-1222540.html
7. Quoted in: Georg Diez 2018, op. cit.
8. Naomi Klein 2019. On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal. Allen Lane. 149.
9. Haydn Washington and Helen Kopnina 2018. The insanity of endless growth. The Ecological Citizen 2: 57-63.
10. Gabriel Millar 2001. The Saving Flame. Five Seasons and Tumbled Stone Press.
11. Washington and Kopnina 2018, op. cit.
12. Dana Nuccitelli 2018. The Trump administration has entered Stage 5 climate denial. theguardian.com, 8 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/oct/08/the-trump-administration-has-entered-stage-5-climate-denial
13. Quoted in: Dana Nuccitelli 2018, op. cit.
14. Obama on September 7, 2018 in a speech at the University of Illinois, quoted in: Peter Baker 2018. Obama Lashes Trump in Debut 2018 Speech. President’s Response: ‘I Fell Asleep.’ nytimes.com, September 7. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/us/politics/obama-2018-campaign-trump.html
15. Excerpt from Jay Ramsay 2008. Anamnesis 11. London: The Lotus Foundation.
16. Arwen Long, Michael Platt 2005. Decision Making: The Virtue of Patience in Primates. Current Biology Volume 15, Issue 21, 8 November 2005, R874-R876. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982205012248
17. William E. Rees 2020. Ecological economics for humanity’s plague phase. Ecological Economics volume 169, March 2020, 106519. https://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EE-Rees-2020.pdf
18. Hoda Baraka, Muslim and 350.org’s global communications director, quoted in Rebecca Solnit 2019. Why climate action is the antithesis of white supremacy. theguardian.com, 19 March. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/19/why-youll-never-meet-a-white-supremacist-who-cares-about-climate-change
19. Will Steffen, et al. 2018. Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS, August 14, 2018 115 (33) 8252-8259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115
20. Quoted in: Tobias Haberkorn 2018. Die Sintflut kommt. zeit.de, 4. November. https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2018-10/klimawandel-schuld-anerkennung-klimakrieg-weltklimakonferenz/komplettansicht
21. The Climate Mobilization 2017. The Climate Mobilization Begins in Los Angeles! theclimatemobilization.org, October 15. https://www.theclimatemobilization.org/blog/2018/4/25/the-climate-mobilization-begins-in-los-angeles
22. Alison Green and Molly Scott Cato 2018. Facts about our ecological crisis are incontrovertible. We must take action. theguardian.com, 26 October. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/26/facts-about-our-ecological-crisis-are-incontrovertible-we-must-take-action
23. WJ Ripple, C. Wolf, TM Newsome, et al., and 15,364 scientist signatories from 184 countries, 2017. World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice. BioScience Volume 67, Issue 12, December 2017, 1026-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix125
24. Quoted in: David Crouch 2018. The Swedish 15-year-old who’s cutting class to fight the climate crisis. theguardian.com, 1 September. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis
25. Greta Thunberg’s UN speech (COP24) in December 2018: YouTube: “Greta Thunberg’s COP24 speech in Katowice 2018”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbDnPj0G0wY
Also, on Vimeo: Greta Thunberg – full speech from COP24. https://vimeo.com/306554514
26. Demo posters from the Australian climate school strikes: Guardian staff 2018. Schools climate strike: the best protest banners and posters. theguardian.com, 30 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/30/schools-climate-strike-the-best-protest-banners-and-posters
And more posters: ABC News 2018. Students strike for climate change protests, defying calls to stay in school. abc.net.au, 30 November. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-30/australian-students-climate-change-protest-scott-morrison/10571168
27. Zhou 2018, op. cit.
28. Damian Carrington 2018. ‘Our leaders are like children,’ school strike founder tells climate summit. theguardian.com, 4 December. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/04/leaders-like-children-school-strike-founder-greta-thunberg-tells-un-climate-summit
29. Anna Ringstrom, Clement Rossignol 2019. Sweden’s Thunberg demands climate action on day of global school strikes. reuters.com, May 24. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-youth/swedens-thunberg-demands-climate-action-on-day-of-global-school-strikes-idUSKCN1SU0AN
30. Karn Vohra, Alina Vodonos, et al. 2021. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environmental Research Volume 195, April, 110754. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935121000487
31. Juergen Habermas 1996. Ziviler Ungehorsam – Testfall für den demokratischen Rechtsstaat. In Juergen Habermas: Die Neue Unübersichtlichkeit – Kleine politische Schriften. Frankfurt/Main.
32. André Gorz 1983 [1980]. Ecology as Politics. London: Pluto Press. 7-13.
33. On German radio DLF, 11.10.2018.
34. Dana Nuccitelli 2013. The 5 stages of climate denial are on display ahead of the IPCC report. theguardian.com, 16 September. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2013/sep/16/climate-change-contrarians-5-stages-denial
35. Extinction Rebellion: https://rebellion.earth
Also: Roger Hallam 2018. Extinction Rebellion Diary #1: So it has come to this? theecologist.org, 23rd August. https://theecologist.org/2018/aug/23/extinction-rebellion-diary-1-so-it-has-come
Also: Damien Gayle 2018. Climate protesters glue hands to UK government building. theguardian.com, 12 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/12/climate-activists-glue-hands-to-uk-government-building-in-new-protest
36. XR interview with George Monbiot, audio starting at 17:22, in Anushka Asthana, et al. 2018. The plastics conspiracy: who is to blame for the waste crisis? theguardian.com, 14 November. https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2018/nov/14/the-plastics-conspiracy-who-blame-waste-crisis
37. Oregon State University video clip about The Second Warning. https://communications.oregonstate.edu/oregon-state-productions/feature-film-program/second-warning-documentary-film
Also: CBC News about The Second Warning. https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/15000-scientists-warning-to-humanity-1.4395767
38. Greta Thunberg 2018. Sweden is not a Role Model. Medium, August 24. https://medium.com/@wedonthavetime/greta-thunberg-sweden-is-not-a-role-model-6ce96d6b5f8b
39. Naaman Zhou 2018. Climate change strike: thousands of school students protest across Australia. theguardian.com, 30 November. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/30/climate-change-strike-thousands-of-students-to-join-national-protest
Also: Australian Geographic 2018. In pictures: School Strike for Climate Action. australiangeographic.com.au, November 30. https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2018/11/in-pictures-school-strike-for-climate-action/
40. Liza Selley, Linda Schuster, et al. 2020. Brake dust exposure exacerbates inflammation and transiently compromises phagocytosis in macrophages. Mettalomics, Vol 12, Issue 3: 371-386. March. https://academic.oup.com/metallomics/article/12/3/371/5956240
Manju Mehta, Lung-Chi Chen, et al. 2008. Particulate matter inhibits DNA repair and enhances mutagenesis. Mutation Research. 2008 Dec 8; 657(2): 116-121. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18804180/
Michelle C Turner, Daniel Krewski, et al. 2011. Long-term ambient fine particulate matter air pollution and lung cancer in a large cohort of never-smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec 15; 184(12): 1374-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21980033/

 

Chapter 16: Anthropocentrism


1. All Greer quotes: John Michael Greer 2017. The twilight of anthropocentrism. The Ecological Citizen 1: 75-82.
2. John Michael Greer 2017, op. cit.
3. Aldo Leopold quote in: Patrick Curry 2017. The Ecological Citizen: An impulse of life, for life. The Ecological Citizen 1: 5-9.
4. Stan Rowe 1994. Ecocentrism: the Chord that Harmonizes Humans and Earth. The Trumpeter 11(2): 106-107. EcoSpherics. https://www.ecospherics.net/pages/RoweEcocentrism.html
5. On “ecosystem services”: George Monbiot 2018. The pricing of everything. The Ecological Citizen 2: 89-96.
Also: George Wuerthner 2018. Anthropocene boosters and the attack on wilderness conservation. The Ecological Citizen 1: 161-6.
Also: Sian Sullivan 2017. Noting some effects of fabricating ‘nature’ as ‘natural capital’. The Ecological Citizen 1: 65-73.
6. George Wuerthner 2018. Anthropocene boosters and the attack on wilderness conservation. The Ecological Citizen 1: 161-6.
7. Jack D. Forbes 2008 [1992, 1979]. Columbus and Other Cannibals. New York: Seven Stories Press. All quotes from the Introduction and Chapter 2.
8. In: Forbes 2008, op. cit. 21-22.
9. Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt 2015. American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present. London/New York: Bloomsbury. 375.
10. Eileen Crist 2017. The affliction of human supremacy. The Ecological Citizen 1: 61-4.
11. Charles Darwin 1859. On the Origin of Species.
12. LR Croft 1989. The Life and Death of Charles Darwin. Chorley: Elmwood.
13. Recommended: Peter A. Levine 1997. Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
14. James C. Scott 2018. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press. 8.
15. ibid. 33.
16. ibid. 113-114.
17. ibid. 7.
18. Lisi Krall 2018. The economic legacy of the Holocene. The Ecological Citizen 2: 67-76.
19. Henry Beston 1928. The Outermost House: A Year of Life on the Great Beach of Cape Cod.
20. John C. Lilly quoted in: Paul Watson (n.y.). The Cetacean Brain and Hominid Perceptions of Cetacean Intelligence. Unpublished essay.
21. Paul Watson (n.y.), op. cit.
22. Sherri Mitchell quote: my transcript from her talk for the Friends of Penobscot Bay. https://penbay.org/deep/deepeco_102315/deep_eco_102315_4_sherri_mitchell_andfilm33min.mp3
23. George Wuerthner 2018, op. cit.
24. James C. Scott 2018, op. cit. 11.
25. Lisi Krall 2018, op. cit.

 

Chapter 17: The Ecocentric Worldview


1. Stan Rowe 1994. Ecocentrism and Traditional Ecological Knowledge. EcoSpherics. https://www.ecospherics.net/pages/Ro993tek_1.html
2. Stan Rowe 1994. Ecocentrism: the Chord that Harmonizes Humans and Earth. The Trumpeter 11(2): 106-107. EcoSpherics. https://www.ecospherics.net/pages/RoweEcocentrism.html
3. Patrick Curry 2017. The Ecological Citizen: An impulse of life, for life. The Ecological Citizen 1: 5-9.
4. Ted Mosquin and Stan Rowe 2004. A Manifesto for Earth. Biodiversity 5 (1), September 2004. EcoSpherics. https://www.ecospherics.net/
5. ibid.

 

Chapter 18: A Budding Future


1. Coyote Alberto Ruz Buenfil 2017. Enacting the wisdom of Chief Seattle today in Latin America. The Ecological Citizen 1: 55-9.
2. John Mohawk 2010. Thinking in Indian: A John Mohawk Reader. Golden, CO: Fulcrum.
3. Coyote Alberto Ruz Buenfil 2017, op. cit.
4. Marie-Lise Schläppy and Joe Gray 2017. Rights of nature: A report on a conference in Switzerland. The Ecological Citizen 1: 95-6.
5. Geneva Forum. https://www.osi-genevaforum.org/United-Nations-2016-December-15th-Rights-of-Nature-for-Peace-and-Sustainable
6. https://www.iucn.org/commissions/world-commission-environmental-law/wcel-resources/environmental-rule-law
7. Mumta Ito 2017. Towards a new paradigm for nature in the EU: A report on a meeting in Belgium. The Ecological Citizen 1: 97-8.
8. EcoHustler 2018. Top Shell bosses accused of climate ecocide in The Hague. ecohustler.com, December 7. https://ecohustler.com/2018/12/07/top-shell-bosses-accused-of-climate-ecocide-in-the-hague/
9. The amendment was voted on 20th January 2021 by the Plenary Session of the EP, and then finally adopted (459/62/163). Stop Ecocide 2021. Press Release: European parliament urges support for making ecocide an international crime. January 21. https://www.stopecocide.earth/press-releases-summary/european-parliament-urges-support-for-making-ecocide-an-international-crime
10. Stan Rowe 2000. An Earth-Based Ethic for Humanity. EcoSpherics. https://www.ecospherics.net/pages/RoweEarthEthics.html
11. – Laudato Si, the original: The Vatican 2015. Encyclical Letter Laudato Si of the Holy Father Francis On Care for Our Common Home. https://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html
– Laudato Si, my summary: Fred Hageneder 2015. Pope calls for caring for the Earth. themeaningoftrees.com, June 2015. https://themeaningoftrees.com/pope-calls-for-caring-for-the-earth/
12. All ARC infos and quotes from: ARC: Faiths and Ecology. https://www.arcworld.org/arc_and_the_faiths.asp
Also: ARC Downloads: https://www.arcworld.org/downloads.asp
13. Stan Rowe 2000. An Earth-Based Ethic for Humanity. EcoSpherics. https://www.ecospherics.net/pages/RoweEarthEthics.html
14. Fritjof Capra 1996. The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. New York and Toronto: Anchor Books, Doubleday. Quoted in: Rowe 2000, op. cit.
15. George Monbiot 2020. Coronavirus shows us it’s time to rethink everything. Let’s start with education. theguardian.com, 12 May 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/may/12/coronavirus-education-pandemic-natural-world-ecology
16. Neil Gaiman and Chris Riddell 2018. Art Matters: Because Your Imagination Can Change the World. London: Headline. Quoted in: Neil Gaiman and Chris Riddell on why we need libraries – an essay in pictures. theguardian.com, 6 September 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2018/sep/06/neil-gaiman-and-chris-riddell-on-why-we-need-libraries-an-essay-in-pictures
17. Harald Lesch 2018. “Die Menschheit schafft sich ab”. SWR Tele-Akademie. Quote at 25:20. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMRnowgpGig
Further reading about new economy: Shann Turnbull 2018. A vision for an ecocentric society and how to get there. The Ecological Citizen 1: 141-2.
18. Haydn Washington 2018. Harmony – not ‘theory’. The Ecological Citizen 1: 203-10.
19. Roselle Angwin. https://thewildways.co.uk/
20. Sherri Mitchell quotes: my transcript from her talk for the Friends of Penobscot Bay.
21. Recommended: Joe Gray 2017. Reasons for a reduction of humans’ impact on the ecosphere. The Ecological Citizen 1: 17-18.
22. Alexander Lautensach 2018. Learning for biosphere security in a crowded, warming world. The Ecological Citizen 1: 171-8.

 

Chapter 19: Finding Hope, Courage, and Strength


1. Joe Gray 2018. Green fidelity and the grand finesse: Stepping stones to the ‘Pacocene’. The Ecological Citizen 1: 121-9.
2. Patrick Curry 2004 [1997]. Defending Middle-Earth – Tolkien: Myth and Modernity. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. 148.
3. Patrick Curry 2004, op. cit. 149.
4. Mary Robinson quote in: Rory Carroll: Mary Robinson on climate change: “Feeling ‘This is too big for me’ is no use to anybody”. theguardian.com, 12 October 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/12/mary-robinson-climate-change-former-president-ireland-ipcc-report
5. Fiona Harvey 2018. World must triple efforts or face catastrophic climate change, says UN. theguardian.com, 27 November 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/27/world-triple-efforts-climate-change-un-global-warming
6. Gandalf quote in: Patrick Curry 2017. The Ecological Citizen: An impulse of life, for life. The Ecological Citizen 1: 5-9.
7. Patrick Curry 2017, op. cit.
8. Patrick Curry 2011. Ecological Ethics: An introduction. Cambridge (UK): Polity Press. 269.
9. Curry 2004, op. cit. 150.
10. Russell Means, quoted in: Paul Watson 2018. Interview with Captain Paul Watson. The Ecological Citizen 1: 152-3.
11. ibid.
12. Jonathan Franzen: End of the End of the Earth, quoted in: Sarah Crown: The End of the End of the Earth by Jonathan Franzen review – hope in an age of crisis. theguardian.com, 9 November 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/nov/09/the-end-of-the-end-of-the-earth-by-jonathan-franzen-review-hope-in-an-age-of-crisis
13. Jack D. Forbes 2008 [1992, 1979]. Columbus and Other Cannibals. New York: Seven Stories Press. 184.

 

Afterword

 

1. Recommended book: Sherri Mitchell (Weh’na Ha’mu’Kwasset) 2018. Sacred Instructions: Indigenous Wisdom for Living Spirit-Based Change. Berkeley (CA): North Atlantic Books.

Picture Credits

 

All artwork by DesignIsIdentity.com, based on…

Figure 3: watercolor by Myla Twilley-Lilly (10).
Figure 7: Andreas Kortenkamp, Michael Faust 2018. Regulate to reduce chemical mixture risk. Science, 20 July 2018, vol. 361, issue 6399, 224–6. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6399/224?cct=1925
Figure 8: Damian Carrington 2017. Want to fight climate change? Have fewer children. theguardian.com, 12 July. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/12/want-to-fight-climate-change-have-fewer-children?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other
Figure 9: D. Pauly and D. Zeller 2016. Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nat. Commun. 7:10244 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10244. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10244
Figure 10: Yinon M Bar-On, Rob Phillips, Ron Milo 2018. The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS, June 19, 2018, 115 (25) 6506-6511. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/25/6506
Figure 11: J. Poore, T. Nemecek 2018. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 01 June 2018: Vol. 360, Issue 6392, 987-992. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6392/987
Figure 12: EST 2019. Soja – Globale Mengenverteilung und Mengenströme. EST, accessed June 2020. https://www.sojatoaster.com/hintergrundinfos/sojaanbau-globale-mengenverteilung-und-mengenstroeme/
Figure 13: Ingo Sasgen, et al. 2020. Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites. Communications Earth & Environment volume 1: 8 (2020). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-0010-1
Figure 14: National Snow and Ice Data Center/Thomas Mote, University of Georgia. In: Jenessa Duncombe 2019. Greenland Ice Sheet Beats All-Time 1-Day Melt Record. EOS, 2 August 2019. https://eos.org/articles/greenland-ice-sheet-beats-all-time-1-day-melt-record
Figure 15: US Earth System Research Laboratory.
Figure 16: John Cook, Dana Nuccitelli, et al. 2013. Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature. IOPscience, Environmental Research Letters Volume 8, Number 2. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024
Figure 17: Vostok ice core data. In: Stephan Harding 2009. Animate Earth: Science, Intuition and Gaia, 2nd ed. Cambridge (UK): Green Books.
Figure 18: UNEP 2020. The Emissions Gap Report 2020. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi. 4. https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020
Figure 19: UNEP 2019. The Emissions Gap Report 2019. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi. xiv. https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2019
Emissions Gap Report 2020. xiv. https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020
Figure 20: Frances Seymour and Jonah Busch 2016. Why Forests? Why Now? The Science, Economics, and Politics of Tropical Forests and Climate Change. Washington DC: Center for Global Development. 40. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/Seymour-Busch-why-forests-why-now-full-book.PDF
Figure 21: Peter Scarborough, et al. 2014. Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Climatic Change volume 125, 179-192. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1
Figure 22: – Robert McSweeney 2020. Scientists concerned by ‘record high’ global methane emissions. Carbon Brief, 14 July 2020. https://www.carbonbrief.org/scientists-concerned-by-record-high-global-methane-emissions
– Marielle Saunois, et al. 2020. The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 1561-1623, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020
Figure 23: Sarah Fecht 2018. Sluggish Ocean Currents Caused European Heat Wave Some 12,000 Years Ago. State of the Planet, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 24 April 2018. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2018/04/24/cooling-ocean-europe-heat-drought/
Figure 24, 25: ME Mann 2019. Klimawandel: Gefährlicher Wetterverstärker. Spektrum der Wissenschaft 7.19, 54-61. https://www.spektrum.de/magazin/jetstream-wetterverstaerker/1647840
World map by Natalya Koltovskaya/shutterstock.com